Basic Concepts

Question 1

True or false?

water is dipole

Answer 1

true

Question 2

Describe how water has a partial positive and negative charge

Answer 2

oxygen (an electronegative atom) pulls the electrons from H, resulting in a partial positive charge

oxygen’s unpaired electrons result in a partial negative charge

Question 3

the dipole characteristic of water allows ___ bonds to form

Answer 3

hydrogen

Question 4

True or false?

Hydrogen bonding in water imparts its relatively low viscosity, surface tension, and boiling point

Answer 4

false; high

Question 5

Hydrogen bonding between water and polar groups of bio-molecules allows water to be an excellent ___

Answer 5

solvent

Question 6

Hydrogen bonding also occurs between various ___ groups of bio-molecules

Answer 6

polar

Question 7

1 dl = ___ ml

Answer 7

100

Question 8

50 g/L = ___ g/dl

Answer 8

5

Question 9

Equivalent units are used for ions and are based on what?

Answer 9

available charges of the ion

Question 10

For singly charged ions, one mole = ___ equivalent

Answer 10

one

Question 11

For doubly charged ions, one mole = ___ equivalents

Answer 11

two ex: [Mg+2]

Question 12

True or false?

pH can affect enzyme activity

Answer 12

true

Question 13

Define osmolarity

Answer 13

the total number of solute particles in a solution

Question 14

1M NaCL solution is ___ Osmolar

Answer 14

2

Question 15

True or false?

Osmolality is the number of osmoles/kg solution

Answer 15

true

Question 16

Osmotic pressure causes movement of H2O from ___ solution to ___ solution

Answer 16

dilute; concentration

Question 17

True or false?

Cell membranes are impermeable to H2O

Answer 17

false; permeable

Question 18

Define tonicity

Answer 18

relationship between two solutions separated by permeable membrane

Question 19

Two solutions with equal osmolarities are considered ___

Answer 19

isotonic

Question 20

A solution (A) with a greater osmolarity than another (B) is ___ with respect to B

Answer 20

hypertonic

Question 21

H2O will move from a ___ solution to a ___ solution

Answer 21

hypotonic; hypertonic

Question 22

What happens to cells bathed in a hypotonic solution?

Answer 22

they swell

hint: O in hypotonic looks like swollen cell

Question 23

What happens to cells bathed in a hypertonic solution?

Answer 23

they shrink, as they become dehydrated

Question 24

Hypertonic serum may also cause cellular dehydration which is thought to play a role in the CNS problems associated with what?

Answer 24

DKA

note: ions are too concentrated in the cell; the cells need water

Question 25

A bronsted-lowry acid does what?

Answer 25

can donate an H+

Question 26

A bronsted-lowry base does what?

Answer 26

can accept an H+

Question 27

True or false?

strong acids only partially dissociate

Answer 27

false; completely dissociate

Question 28

What is the normal blood pH range?

Answer 28

7.35-7.45

Question 29

What does a large Ka mean in regards to dissociation

Answer 29

Larger Ka means more dissociation

Question 30

Ka is a measure of the ___ of the weak acid

Answer 30

“strength”

Question 31

A larger Ka is a ___ acid

Answer 31

stronger

Question 32

A smaller Ka is a ___ acid

Answer 32

weaker

Question 33

HA -> H+ A-

adding OH- will do what to this rxn?

Answer 33

decrease the [H+], driving net rxn to the right

Question 34

Define a buffer system

Answer 34

a system that will resist large changes in pH from strong acids or bases

Question 35

HA -> H+ A-

A- is the ____ ___ of HA

Answer 35

conjugate base

Question 36

a buffer system has its best buffering capacity when pH = ?

Answer 36

pKa

Question 37

At the greatest buffering capacity, relatively large amounts of base are required for relatively small changes in pH. true or false?

Answer 37

true

Question 38

A buffering region on a titration curve, gives you a clue about the AA. Alanine has 2 buffering regions, therefore, has ___ titratable weak acid groups

Answer 38

2

Question 39

CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3- + H+

what enzyme reverses this reaction?

Answer 39

carbonic anhydrase

Question 40

Bicarbonate is transported in the ___ to the ____

Answer 40

blood; lungs

Question 41

CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3- + H+

Carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs, shifting the net reaction to the ___

Answer 41

left

Question 42

What is the henderson hasselbach equation?

Answer 42

pH = pKa + log {A-}/{HA}

Question 43

Keq = Ka = ?

Answer 43

[H+][A-}/[HA]

Question 44

pH = ?

Answer 44

-log[H+]

Question 45

DKA results in an excess of organic acids called ___ ___

Answer 45

ketone bodies

Question 46

The “___” respirations are an attempt to decrease the [CO2] in the patient

Answer 46

kussmaul