Nutrition Park Flashcards
major source of energy in humans
carbohydrates
monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
glucose is also known as
dextrose
enzyme that breaks down starch
alpha amylase
what does maltase do
breaks maltose into glucose
what does sucrase do
breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose
what does lactase do
breaks lactose into glucose and galactose
only ____ are absorbed in the body
monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
indigestible carbohydrates are converted to monosaccharides by
bacterial enzymes
oligosaccharide in legumes that can’t be hydrolyzed by human enzymes
raffinose
glycemic index ranking
glucose, potato, bread, ice cream, beans
what is more than 90% of dietary fat
triacylglycerol
essential fatty acids are used for what
synthesize eicosanoids in the body
higher ratio of omega 3 to omega 6 is ___ for the body
good
what delivers lipid to peripheral tissue directly
chylomicron
what if essential amino acids aren’t in diet?
negative nitrogen balance
only ___ amino acids are released to blood
free
energy content in macros
carbs: 4 kcal/g
protein: 4kcal/g
fat: 9 kcal/g
alcohol: 7 kcal/g
what is released in the well fed state?
insulin
what happens in well fed state
glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, amino acid catabolism, fatty acid synthesis, no gluconeogenesis (NO CORI CYCLE)
what happens in early fasting state
glucagon release, glycogen breakdown, gluconeogenesis (cori and alanine cycle), NO catabolism of amino acids
what happens in fasting state
glucagon release, gluconeogenesis, PROTEIN used as major carbon and nitrogen source (alanine and glutamine), LIPOLYSIS in adipose tissue, fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis
if glucose is less than ____
1.5mM or 27 blood glucose, coma and death
how does brain adapt to starvation
ketone bodies made from acetyl coa in the liver
Marasmus
not enough protein and energy, thin and small
Kwahiorkor
not enough protein but enough energy, plump and edema
RDA
recommended dietary allowance, two standard deviations above EAR, sufficient to meet need of nearly all healthy individuals in a group
EAR
estimated average requirement, amount needed to meet 50% of the healthy individuals in an age and gender group
AI
adequate intake, when we can’t set an EAR, appox of average nutrient intake by healthy population
UL
tolerable upper intake levels, maximum level of daily intake without health risk
fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
water soluble vitamins
B, C
macrominerals
calcium and magnesium
trace minerals
iron, iodine, zinc, copper, selenium
