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Principles of Animal Science > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The sum of the processes involved in taking in nutrients and assimilating and utilizing them

A

NUTRITION

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2
Q

Any feed constituent that may function in the nutritive support of animal life

A

FEED NUTRIENT

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3
Q
  • Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
  • Mostly are made up of hexose or 6-carbon molecules
  • There are also pentose, tetrose, and triose
A

CARBOHYDRATES

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4
Q

Have the same proportion as water

A

HYDROGEN & WATER

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5
Q
  • Chemical formula: C6H12O6

- Often referred as simple sugars

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

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6
Q
  • Found in corn syrup and blood
  • Sometimes referred as dextrose because it rotates the plane of polarized light to the right
  • 3/4 as sweet as sugar cane
A

GLUCOSE

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7
Q
  • Found in ripe fruits and honey

- The sweetest of all sugars

A

FRUCTOSE

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8
Q

Obtained along with glucose upon the hydrolysis of lactose or milk sugar

A

GALACTOSE

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9
Q
  • Chemical formula: C12H22O11

- Formed from two monosaccharide molecules with the loss of one molecule of water

A

DISACCHARIDES

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10
Q
  • Same as sugarcane and beet sugar, commonly use as sweeteners
  • It is hydrolyzed by the enzyme, sucrose to yield glucose and fructose
A

SUCROSE

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11
Q
  • From malt sugars
  • 1/4 as sweet as sucrose
  • It hydrolyzes to 2 glucose molecules by the enzyme maltase
A

MALTOSE

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12
Q
  • Better known as milk sugar
  • Found in milk
  • 1/6 as sweet as sucrose
  • It is hydrolyzed by the enzyme lactase to yield glucose and galactose
A

LACTOSE

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13
Q
  • All have this chemical formula: (C6H10O5)n

- Formed by the combination of unknown number of hexose molecules

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

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14
Q
  • Form plants

- Highly digestible

A

STARCH

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15
Q

Major component of livestock rations especially fattening rations

A

STARCH

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16
Q
  • Similar to starch except when it hydrolyzes, it yields to fructose instead of glucose
  • Used to aid digestion
  • Found in Jerusalem artichokes
A

INULIN

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17
Q
  • Known as the animal starch
  • Primarily produced and stored in the liver
  • The carbohydrate reserve of animals
  • If hydrolyzed, it will yield entirely glucose
A

GLYCOGEN

18
Q
  • A term used to denote a group of substances that lie chemically between sugars and starch on one hand and cellulose on the other
  • More digestible than cellulose but less digestible than sugars and starch
A

HEMICELLULOSE

19
Q
  • Principle constituent in the plant’s cell wall
  • Most abundant in more fibrous feeds
  • Less digestibility
  • Can be hydrolyzed by a special process to glucose
A

CELLULOSE

20
Q

Example of Hemicellulose

A

WOOD MOLASSES

21
Q
  • Not a true carbohydrate
  • Contains too much carbon, and has nitrogen
  • Found in over-mature hay, straws and hulls
  • Essentially indigestible by livestock
  • No known nutritive value except as a bulk factor
A

LIGNIN

22
Q
  • Compose of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but have more carbon and hydrogen in proportion to oxygen
  • Contains 2.25 times as much energy per pound or kilograms than carbohydrates
  • Formed by combining 3 fatty acids with glycerol
A

FATS

23
Q

Two of the many saturated fatty acids (no double bonds) that combine with glycerol to form two of the common saturated fats: Stearin and Palmitin

A

STEARIC & PALMITIC ACID

24
Q

Combine with glycerol to form unsaturated fatty acids

A

OLEIC ACID (1 DOUBLE BOND), LINOLEIC ACID (2 DOUBLE BONDS), LINOLENIC ACID (3 DOUBLE BONDS), & ARACHIDONIC ACID (4 DOUBLE BONDS)

25
Q

A measure of its degree of unsaturation in fats; denoted by the gram of iodine absorbed per 100g of fat

A

IODINE NUMBER

26
Q

The reaction of fats with alkali to produce soap and glycerol

A

SAPONIFICATION

27
Q

Are actually fats and differ from other fats in melting point

A

OILS

28
Q
  • Healthy fats
  • Stay liquid at room temperature
  • Ex: Those that are source from olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil, nuts and avocados
  • Ex: Omega-3 fatty acids from fish
A

UNSATURATED FATTY ACID

29
Q

Becomes solid at room temperature

A

SATURATED FATTY ACID

30
Q
  • Always contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes iron, phosphorus and/or sulfur
  • Composed of amino acids
A

PROTEIN

31
Q

Are organic acids that contain one or more amino groups (NH2)

A

AMINO ACIDS

32
Q

2 Groups of Amino Acids

A

ESSENTIAL & NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

33
Q
  • Amino acids that cannot by synthesized by animals themselves
  • Must be supplemented through feeding and supplementation
  • Also known as indispensable amino acids
A

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

34
Q
  • The animals are able to synthesize these amino acids

- Also known as dispensable amino acids

A

NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

35
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A
  1. ARGININE
  2. HISTDINE
  3. ISOLEUCINE
  4. LEUCINE
  5. LYSINE
  6. ALANINE
  7. METHIONINE (May be replaced in part by cystine)
  8. PHENYLALANINE (May be replaced in part by tyrosine)
  9. THREONINE
  10. TRYPTOPHAN
  11. VALINE
36
Q

Non-Essential Amino Acids

A
  1. ASPARTIC ACID
  2. CITRULLINE
  3. CYSTINE
  4. GLUTAMIC ACID
  5. GLYCINE
  6. HYDROXYPROLINE
  7. PROLINE
  8. SERINE
  9. TYROSINE
37
Q
  • An amino acid that is found only in animal-based diets
  • Needed for normal vision (eyesight), digestion, cardiac (heart) muscle function, fetal development and maintenance of normal pregnancy
  • If deficient, cats will develop feline taurine retinopathy or feline central retinal degeneration (FCRD)
A

TAURINE

38
Q

If deficient, this causes the degeneration of retinal cells thus impairing vision

A

FELINE CENTRAL RETINAL DEGENERATION (FCRD)

39
Q

If deficient, this causes the heart muscles to weaken

A

DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY (DCM)

40
Q
  • Contains hydrogen and oxygen
  • Livestock will consume from 3-8 times as much water as dry matter and will die from lack of water quicker than from lack of nutrients
  • Can be found in all feeds
  • Important implications in feeds and feeding
A

WATER

41
Q

Functions of Water in the Animal Body

A
  1. ENTERS INTO MANY BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE BODY
  2. FUNCTIONS IN THE TRANSPORT OF OTHER NUTRIENTS
  3. HELPS TO MAINTAIN NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE
  4. HELPS TO GIVE THE BODY FORM

Principles of Animal Science (24 decks)

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