Nutrition

Question 1

The sum of the processes involved in taking in nutrients and assimilating and utilizing them

Answer 1

NUTRITION

Question 2

Any feed constituent that may function in the nutritive support of animal life

Answer 2

FEED NUTRIENT

Question 3

• Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Mostly are made up of hexose or 6-carbon molecules
• There are also pentose, tetrose, and triose

Answer 3

CARBOHYDRATES

Question 4

Have the same proportion as water

Answer 4

HYDROGEN & WATER

Question 5

• Chemical formula: C6H12O6

- Often referred as simple sugars

Answer 5

MONOSACCHARIDES

Question 6

• Found in corn syrup and blood
• Sometimes referred as dextrose because it rotates the plane of polarized light to the right
• 3/4 as sweet as sugar cane

Answer 6

GLUCOSE

Question 7

• Found in ripe fruits and honey

- The sweetest of all sugars

Answer 7

FRUCTOSE

Question 8

Obtained along with glucose upon the hydrolysis of lactose or milk sugar

Answer 8

GALACTOSE

Question 9

• Chemical formula: C12H22O11

- Formed from two monosaccharide molecules with the loss of one molecule of water

Answer 9

DISACCHARIDES

Question 10

• Same as sugarcane and beet sugar, commonly use as sweeteners
• It is hydrolyzed by the enzyme, sucrose to yield glucose and fructose

Answer 10

SUCROSE

Question 11

• From malt sugars
• 1/4 as sweet as sucrose
• It hydrolyzes to 2 glucose molecules by the enzyme maltase

Answer 11

MALTOSE

Question 12

• Better known as milk sugar
• Found in milk
• 1/6 as sweet as sucrose
• It is hydrolyzed by the enzyme lactase to yield glucose and galactose

Answer 12

LACTOSE

Question 13

• All have this chemical formula: (C6H10O5)n

- Formed by the combination of unknown number of hexose molecules

Answer 13

POLYSACCHARIDES

Question 14

• Form plants

- Highly digestible

Answer 14

STARCH

Question 15

Major component of livestock rations especially fattening rations

Answer 15

STARCH

Question 16

• Similar to starch except when it hydrolyzes, it yields to fructose instead of glucose
• Used to aid digestion
• Found in Jerusalem artichokes

Answer 16

INULIN

Question 17

• Known as the animal starch
• Primarily produced and stored in the liver
• The carbohydrate reserve of animals
• If hydrolyzed, it will yield entirely glucose

Answer 17

GLYCOGEN

Question 18

• A term used to denote a group of substances that lie chemically between sugars and starch on one hand and cellulose on the other
• More digestible than cellulose but less digestible than sugars and starch

Answer 18

HEMICELLULOSE

Question 19

• Principle constituent in the plant’s cell wall
• Most abundant in more fibrous feeds
• Less digestibility
• Can be hydrolyzed by a special process to glucose

Answer 19

CELLULOSE

Question 20

Example of Hemicellulose

Answer 20

WOOD MOLASSES

Question 21

• Not a true carbohydrate
• Contains too much carbon, and has nitrogen
• Found in over-mature hay, straws and hulls
• Essentially indigestible by livestock
• No known nutritive value except as a bulk factor

Answer 21

LIGNIN

Question 22

• Compose of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but have more carbon and hydrogen in proportion to oxygen
• Contains 2.25 times as much energy per pound or kilograms than carbohydrates
• Formed by combining 3 fatty acids with glycerol

Answer 22

FATS

Question 23

Two of the many saturated fatty acids (no double bonds) that combine with glycerol to form two of the common saturated fats: Stearin and Palmitin

Answer 23

STEARIC & PALMITIC ACID

Question 24

Combine with glycerol to form unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 24

OLEIC ACID (1 DOUBLE BOND), LINOLEIC ACID (2 DOUBLE BONDS), LINOLENIC ACID (3 DOUBLE BONDS), & ARACHIDONIC ACID (4 DOUBLE BONDS)

Question 25

A measure of its degree of unsaturation in fats; denoted by the gram of iodine absorbed per 100g of fat

Answer 25

IODINE NUMBER

Question 26

The reaction of fats with alkali to produce soap and glycerol

Answer 26

SAPONIFICATION

Question 27

Are actually fats and differ from other fats in melting point

Answer 27

OILS

Question 28

- Healthy fats - Stay liquid at room temperature - Ex: Those that are source from olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil, nuts and avocados - Ex: Omega-3 fatty acids from fish

Answer 28

UNSATURATED FATTY ACID

Question 29

Becomes solid at room temperature

Answer 29

SATURATED FATTY ACID

Question 30

- Always contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes iron, phosphorus and/or sulfur - Composed of amino acids

Answer 30

PROTEIN

Question 31

Are organic acids that contain one or more amino groups (NH2)

Answer 31

AMINO ACIDS

Question 32

2 Groups of Amino Acids

Answer 32

ESSENTIAL & NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

Question 33

- Amino acids that cannot by synthesized by animals themselves - Must be supplemented through feeding and supplementation - Also known as indispensable amino acids

Answer 33

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

Question 34

- The animals are able to synthesize these amino acids | - Also known as dispensable amino acids

Answer 34

NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

Question 35

Essential Amino Acids

Answer 35

1. ARGININE 2. HISTDINE 3. ISOLEUCINE 4. LEUCINE 5. LYSINE 6. ALANINE 7. METHIONINE (May be replaced in part by cystine) 8. PHENYLALANINE (May be replaced in part by tyrosine) 9. THREONINE 10. TRYPTOPHAN 11. VALINE

Question 36

Non-Essential Amino Acids

Answer 36

1. ASPARTIC ACID 2. CITRULLINE 3. CYSTINE 4. GLUTAMIC ACID 5. GLYCINE 6. HYDROXYPROLINE 7. PROLINE 8. SERINE 9. TYROSINE

Question 37

- An amino acid that is found only in animal-based diets - Needed for normal vision (eyesight), digestion, cardiac (heart) muscle function, fetal development and maintenance of normal pregnancy - If deficient, cats will develop feline taurine retinopathy or feline central retinal degeneration (FCRD)

Answer 37

TAURINE

Question 38

If deficient, this causes the degeneration of retinal cells thus impairing vision

Answer 38

FELINE CENTRAL RETINAL DEGENERATION (FCRD)

Question 39

If deficient, this causes the heart muscles to weaken

Answer 39

DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY (DCM)

Question 40

- Contains hydrogen and oxygen - Livestock will consume from 3-8 times as much water as dry matter and will die from lack of water quicker than from lack of nutrients - Can be found in all feeds - Important implications in feeds and feeding

Answer 40

WATER

Question 41

Functions of Water in the Animal Body

Answer 41

1. ENTERS INTO MANY BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE BODY 2. FUNCTIONS IN THE TRANSPORT OF OTHER NUTRIENTS 3. HELPS TO MAINTAIN NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE 4. HELPS TO GIVE THE BODY FORM