Nutrition Flashcards
The sum of the processes involved in taking in nutrients and assimilating and utilizing them
NUTRITION
Any feed constituent that may function in the nutritive support of animal life
FEED NUTRIENT
- Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
- Mostly are made up of hexose or 6-carbon molecules
- There are also pentose, tetrose, and triose
CARBOHYDRATES
Have the same proportion as water
HYDROGEN & WATER
- Chemical formula: C6H12O6
- Often referred as simple sugars
MONOSACCHARIDES
- Found in corn syrup and blood
- Sometimes referred as dextrose because it rotates the plane of polarized light to the right
- 3/4 as sweet as sugar cane
GLUCOSE
- Found in ripe fruits and honey
- The sweetest of all sugars
FRUCTOSE
Obtained along with glucose upon the hydrolysis of lactose or milk sugar
GALACTOSE
- Chemical formula: C12H22O11
- Formed from two monosaccharide molecules with the loss of one molecule of water
DISACCHARIDES
- Same as sugarcane and beet sugar, commonly use as sweeteners
- It is hydrolyzed by the enzyme, sucrose to yield glucose and fructose
SUCROSE
- From malt sugars
- 1/4 as sweet as sucrose
- It hydrolyzes to 2 glucose molecules by the enzyme maltase
MALTOSE
- Better known as milk sugar
- Found in milk
- 1/6 as sweet as sucrose
- It is hydrolyzed by the enzyme lactase to yield glucose and galactose
LACTOSE
- All have this chemical formula: (C6H10O5)n
- Formed by the combination of unknown number of hexose molecules
POLYSACCHARIDES
- Form plants
- Highly digestible
STARCH
Major component of livestock rations especially fattening rations
STARCH
- Similar to starch except when it hydrolyzes, it yields to fructose instead of glucose
- Used to aid digestion
- Found in Jerusalem artichokes
INULIN
- Known as the animal starch
- Primarily produced and stored in the liver
- The carbohydrate reserve of animals
- If hydrolyzed, it will yield entirely glucose
GLYCOGEN
- A term used to denote a group of substances that lie chemically between sugars and starch on one hand and cellulose on the other
- More digestible than cellulose but less digestible than sugars and starch
HEMICELLULOSE
- Principle constituent in the plant’s cell wall
- Most abundant in more fibrous feeds
- Less digestibility
- Can be hydrolyzed by a special process to glucose
CELLULOSE
Example of Hemicellulose
WOOD MOLASSES
- Not a true carbohydrate
- Contains too much carbon, and has nitrogen
- Found in over-mature hay, straws and hulls
- Essentially indigestible by livestock
- No known nutritive value except as a bulk factor
LIGNIN
- Compose of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but have more carbon and hydrogen in proportion to oxygen
- Contains 2.25 times as much energy per pound or kilograms than carbohydrates
- Formed by combining 3 fatty acids with glycerol
FATS
Two of the many saturated fatty acids (no double bonds) that combine with glycerol to form two of the common saturated fats: Stearin and Palmitin
STEARIC & PALMITIC ACID
Combine with glycerol to form unsaturated fatty acids
OLEIC ACID (1 DOUBLE BOND), LINOLEIC ACID (2 DOUBLE BONDS), LINOLENIC ACID (3 DOUBLE BONDS), & ARACHIDONIC ACID (4 DOUBLE BONDS)
A measure of its degree of unsaturation in fats; denoted by the gram of iodine absorbed per 100g of fat
IODINE NUMBER
The reaction of fats with alkali to produce soap and glycerol
SAPONIFICATION
Are actually fats and differ from other fats in melting point
OILS
- Healthy fats
- Stay liquid at room temperature
- Ex: Those that are source from olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil, nuts and avocados
- Ex: Omega-3 fatty acids from fish
UNSATURATED FATTY ACID
Becomes solid at room temperature
SATURATED FATTY ACID
- Always contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes iron, phosphorus and/or sulfur
- Composed of amino acids
PROTEIN
Are organic acids that contain one or more amino groups (NH2)
AMINO ACIDS
2 Groups of Amino Acids
ESSENTIAL & NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
- Amino acids that cannot by synthesized by animals themselves
- Must be supplemented through feeding and supplementation
- Also known as indispensable amino acids
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
- The animals are able to synthesize these amino acids
- Also known as dispensable amino acids
NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
Essential Amino Acids
- ARGININE
- HISTDINE
- ISOLEUCINE
- LEUCINE
- LYSINE
- ALANINE
- METHIONINE (May be replaced in part by cystine)
- PHENYLALANINE (May be replaced in part by tyrosine)
- THREONINE
- TRYPTOPHAN
- VALINE
Non-Essential Amino Acids
- ASPARTIC ACID
- CITRULLINE
- CYSTINE
- GLUTAMIC ACID
- GLYCINE
- HYDROXYPROLINE
- PROLINE
- SERINE
- TYROSINE
- An amino acid that is found only in animal-based diets
- Needed for normal vision (eyesight), digestion, cardiac (heart) muscle function, fetal development and maintenance of normal pregnancy
- If deficient, cats will develop feline taurine retinopathy or feline central retinal degeneration (FCRD)
TAURINE
If deficient, this causes the degeneration of retinal cells thus impairing vision
FELINE CENTRAL RETINAL DEGENERATION (FCRD)
If deficient, this causes the heart muscles to weaken
DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY (DCM)
- Contains hydrogen and oxygen
- Livestock will consume from 3-8 times as much water as dry matter and will die from lack of water quicker than from lack of nutrients
- Can be found in all feeds
- Important implications in feeds and feeding
WATER
Functions of Water in the Animal Body
- ENTERS INTO MANY BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE BODY
- FUNCTIONS IN THE TRANSPORT OF OTHER NUTRIENTS
- HELPS TO MAINTAIN NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE
- HELPS TO GIVE THE BODY FORM
