Feeds and Ingredients Flashcards
Grains
A. CORN B. SORGHUM C. OATS AS GRAIN D. BARLEY E. WHEAT F. RYE GRAIN G. RICE BRAN
- Most extensively produced feed grain
- Most widely used energy feed
- Low in calcium but fair in phosphorus content
- Deficient in cyanocobalamin. low in riboflavin and pantothenic acid
- Low in lysine, methionine and tryptophan
- Must be supplemented with protein for most livestock
CORN
- Produced in semi-arid areas where corn does not grow
- Slightly higher protein content than in corn
- Low carotene
- Drought resistant
- Grain sorghum should be rolled or ground for most classes of livestock
SORPGHUM
- Has higher crude protein than in corn
- Has slightly higher calcium and phosphorus
- Use as rations for horses, young growing stock, show stock and breeding animals
OATS AS GRAIN
- “Beer Grain”
- Used for fattening animals
BARLEY
2 Kinds of Wheat
- AS GRAIN
2. AS BRAN
- Not usually use on animals due to its high demand for human consumption
- Expensive
- Has higher protein than corn
- Due to the high solubility of its starch, feeding wheat to cattle is conducive to acidosis
AS GRAIN
- The seed coat of the wheat that is removed during the process of making wheat flour
- Used for livestock as:
a. Primary
1. Source of bulk
2. Mild laxative
3. Source of phosphorus
b. Secondary
1. Source of Energy
2. Source of Protein
AS BRAN
- Less palatable in comparison to other grains
- Can be contaminated with ergot which is toxic
RYE GRAIN
Comes from the fungus that grows once grain goes rancid
ERGOT
- Comparable to wheat in feeding value but less protein
- Seed coat and germ that is removed from rice
RICE BRAN
Protein Meal (Animal Source)
A. DRIED SKIMMED MILK B. MEAT MEAL C. MEAT AND BONE MEAL D. FISH MEAL E. FEATHER MEAL F. BLOOD MEAL
- Deffated, dehydrated cow’s milk
- Contains around 34% protein
- Used in early weaning diets for calves and pigs
DRIED SKIMMED MILK
- Meat that is cooked in steam jacketed kettles on its own fat
- Used as feed for swine and poultry
MEAT MEAL
- Meat scraps and bone
- Has higher calcium and phosphorus than protein
- Production of meat and bone meal has been discouraged due to the incidence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy or mad cow disease
MEAT AND BONE MEAL
In humans, this is known as Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
MAD COW DISEASE
- Consist of fish and fish by-products
- Protein content is usually 60% and is usually good quality
- Has high calcium and phosphorus
FISH MEAL
- Extremely high in protein at over 80%
- It is 75% digestible if processed properly
- Amino acid balance is not too desirable to single-stomach animals
FEATHER MEAL
- Coagulated blood that has been dried and grounded
- High protein (80%) but the protein is low in digestibility
- Not palatable to most livestock animals
BLOOD MEAL
Protein Source (Plants)
A. SOYBEAN OIL MEAL/SOYBEAN MEAL (SBM)
B. COTTONSEED MEAL (CSM)
C. COPRA MEAL
- Usually solven extracted
- Has two protein grades: 44% for SB Oil Meal and 49% for SBM
- Widely used in high protein feed; high biological value
- Excellent source of protein for all livestock classes except for juveniles
- 49% SBM is primarily used for broilers
SOYBEAN OIL/SOYBEAN MEAL (SBM)
- Dehulled, fat-extracted cottonseed ground with grounded hulls added
- Excellent high protein feed for ruminants
- Has a toxic factor called gossypol which may kill growing pigs if the ration exceeds 9%
COTTONSEED MEAL (CSM)
- Composed of dried coconut meat that have subjected to fat extraction and grounded
- Has low protein even if it is regarded as protein source
- Excellent for dairy cattle
COPRA MEAL
Oil and Meal
A. SESAME OIL
B. SUNFLOWER OIL/SUNFLOWER OIL MEAL
- Produced from what remains following the production from sesame seed oil
- Comparable protein content to soybean meal but cannot supplement to monogastric animals (simple stomach)
- It can satisfactory supplement protein for ruminants
SESAME OIL
- Dehulled sunflower oil
- Same as sesame seed oil
SUNFLOWER OIL/SUNFLOWER OIL MEAL
Grouped into legumes and nonlegumes
ROUGHAGES
Legumes
- ALFALFA HAY
- PEANUT HAY
- SWEET CLOVER HAY
- IPIL-IPIL
- KAKAWATE
- One of the highest yielding hay crops
- Most nutritious
- Drought resistant
- Relished by all hay-eating animals
ALFALFA HAY
Remains of the peanut plant when harvested
PEANUT HAY
- Not ordinarily seeded as a hay crop but is sometimes harvested for hay
- Generally too coarse and stemmy and shatters its leaves too readily to make a quality hay
- Tends to harbor a mold that causes a condition called Sweet Clover Poisoning
SWEET CLOVER HAY
A condition in which the animal will bleed to death as result of consuming excessive dicoumerol present in some sweet clover hay
SWEET CLOVER POISONING
- A tree that is classified as a legume and is ubiquitous in the Philippines
- This is a drought resistant that can thrive in well-drained soils
IPIL-IPIL
Scientific name of Ipil-Ipil
LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA
Is also a legumous tree that is also drought resistant but can adopt in low fertility soils
KAKAWATE
Scientific name of Kakawate
GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM
None-legume Hay
- BERMUDA GRASS
- BAHIAGRASS HAY
- KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS HAY
Widely used for pasture
BERMUDA GRASS
Grown primarily for pasture, secondary for hay
BAHIAGRASS HAY
Hay/pasture for horses
KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS HAY
Molasses
A. CANE or BLACKSTRAP MOLASSES
B. BEET MOLASSES
C. CITRUS MOLASSES
D. WOOD MOLASSES
Use of Molasses in Livestock
A. TO IMPROVE RATION ACCEPTABILITY
B. TO IMPROVE RUMEN MICROBIAL ACTIVITY
C. AS A BINDER FOR MAKING PELLETS
D. AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY
- Most extensively use molasses
- By-product of the manufacture of cane sugar from sugarcane
CANE or BLACKSTRAP MOLASSES
Sources of Cane or Blackstrap Molasses
HAWAII, USA, PHILIPPINES & AFRICA
A by-product of the manufacture of beet sugar from sugar beets
BEET MOLASSES
Produced from the juice of citrus wastes
CITRUS MOLASSES
- By-product of paper, fiber board and pure cellulose from wood
- Contains more soluble carbohydrates and minerals of the wood material
- In some instances, this extract is processed into a molasses suitable for livestock feeding purposes
WOOD MOLASSES
