Breeding Terminologies Flashcards
One member of a pair or several genes that are located on a specific position on homologous chromosome
ALLELE
The value of the sire or dam as a parent; based on differences that exist between a large number of offspring and average performance of a trait within a population
BREEDING VALUE
One of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome, joined by a single centromere that separates during cell division to form individual chromosomes
CHROMATID
A small rod-shaped body found in the nucleus of the cell
CHROMOSOME
A set of three nucleotides that make up the genetic code that specifies the specific amino acid to be inserted at a particular position in a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis
CODON
In heterozygotes the situation in which both alleles of a gene pair are fully expressed; neither being dominant or recessive
CODOMINANCE
The formation of new chromosomes resulting from the splitting and rejoining of the original chromosomes
CROSSOVER
- acronym for Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- a compound composed of deoxyribose (a sugar), phosphoric acid and nitrogen
- contains genes of strands in the form of a double helix
DNA
To adapt the behavior of an animal to fit the needs of people
DOMESTICATE
One of a pair of genes that hides the effect of the other gene in a pair
DOMINANT GENE
A method of combining performance data on a given trait about an individual animal and its close relatives to determine the individual’s ability to transmit the performance into offspring
ESTIMATED BREEDING VALUE
An estimate of the genetic value of an animal in passing genetic traits to its offspring
ESTIMATED PROGENCY DIFFERENCE
A complex molecule located on the chromosome that is involved in the transmission of inherited traits
GENE
A technology involving the removal, modification or addition of genes to a DNA molecule
GENETIC ENGINEERING
The study of heredity; or the way in which traits of parents are are passed on to their offspring
GENETICS
The kind of gene pairs possessed by the animal
GENOTYPE
A cell that has only a single set of chromosomes
HAPLOID
The amount of the difference between animal that is passed from the parent to the offspring
HERITABILITY
The likelihood a trait being passed on from parent to offspring
HERITABILITY ESTIMATE
- also known as HYBRID VIGOR
- improvement in the offspring resulting from favorable combinations of gene pairs
HETEROSIS
A gene pair that carries two unlike gene for a trait
HETEROZYGOUS PAIR
A gene pair that carries two like genes of a trait
HOMOZYGOUS PAIR
A situation in which one gene does not completely hide or mask the effect of the other gene in a gene pair
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
The tendency for genes that are located close together on the chromosome to stay together
LINKAGE
The location of a given gene on a chromosome
LOCUS
Cells division that increases the number of total cells and the results in growth
MITOSIS
The appearance of a new trait in the offspring that did not exist in the genetic make-up of the parents
MUTATION
The record of ancestors of an animal
PEDIGREE
The physical appearance of an animal
PHENOTYPE
Measuring of a brood female’s production base on the performance of her offspring
PRODUCTION TESTING
Evaluation of a male by the performance of his offspring
PROGENY TESTING
A measure of confidence, a true measure of the male’s ability to transmit genetic characteristics
REPEATABILITY
- acronym for Ribonucleic Acid
- regulates protein synthesis in animals
- primary function is carrying the genetic messages from DNA for the building of the polypeptide chains that begins the process of protein synthesis
RNA
Gene that is dominant in one sex but recessive in the other
SEX-INFLUENCED GENE
The phenotypic expression of some genes is determined by the presence or absence of one of the sex hormones; its expression is limited to one sex
SEX-LIMITED GENE
Genes that are carried only on the sex hormones
SEX-LINKED GENE
Law of Inheritance
- LAW SEGREGATION
2. LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
This is a process that involves forces or factors that determine animals in a given generation will breed and produce the next generation
SELECTION
Individuals with desirable traits are allowed to reproduce for the next generation resulting in the increase of frequency of the desirable genes, and the decline of the frequency of the undesirable genes
SELECTION
Types of Selection
- NATURAL SELECTION
2. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
Factors that Influence Selection
- Current or initial gene frequency
- Fitness
- Degree of dominance expressed at that locus with respect to fitness
Dominant trait of Cattle
- BLACK HAIR COAT
- POLLED
- WHITE FACE
- SOLID COLOR
Recessive trait of Cattle
- RED HAIR COAT
- HORNED
- SOLID COLORED FACE
- IRREGULAR WHITE SPOTTING
Dominant trait of Chicken
- ROSE COMB
- WHITE SKIN
- FEATHERED SHANK
- PEA COMB
- RESTED HEAD
- BLACK FEATHERS
- BARRED PLUMAGE
Recessive trait of Chicken
- SINGLE COMB
- YELLOW SKIN
- CLEAN SHANKS
- NO CREST
- RED FEATHERS
- NON-BARRED PLUMAGE
Dominant trait of Horses
- BLACK HAIR COAT
- BAY
- CHESTNUT MANE AND TAIL
- SMOOTH HAIR
Recessive trait of Horses
- CHESTNUT or SORREL
- NON-BAY (BLACK)
- FLAXEN MANE AND TALE (PALOMINO)
- CURLY HAIR
Dominant trait of Pigs
- BLACK HAIR
- WHITE BELT
- ERECT EARS
Recessive trait of Pigs
- RED HAIR
- NO BELT
- DROOPING EARS
Dominant trait of Sheep
- HAIRY FLEECE
- WHITE WOOL
- BROWN EYES
Recessive trait of Sheep
- WOOLY FLEECE
- BLACK WOOL
- BLUE EYES
