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Principles of Animal Science > Breeding Terminologies > Flashcards

Breeding Terminologies Flashcards

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1
Q

One member of a pair or several genes that are located on a specific position on homologous chromosome

A

ALLELE

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2
Q

The value of the sire or dam as a parent; based on differences that exist between a large number of offspring and average performance of a trait within a population

A

BREEDING VALUE

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3
Q

One of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome, joined by a single centromere that separates during cell division to form individual chromosomes

A

CHROMATID

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4
Q

A small rod-shaped body found in the nucleus of the cell

A

CHROMOSOME

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5
Q

A set of three nucleotides that make up the genetic code that specifies the specific amino acid to be inserted at a particular position in a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis

A

CODON

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6
Q

In heterozygotes the situation in which both alleles of a gene pair are fully expressed; neither being dominant or recessive

A

CODOMINANCE

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7
Q

The formation of new chromosomes resulting from the splitting and rejoining of the original chromosomes

A

CROSSOVER

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8
Q
  • acronym for Deoxyribonucleic Acid
  • a compound composed of deoxyribose (a sugar), phosphoric acid and nitrogen
  • contains genes of strands in the form of a double helix
A

DNA

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9
Q

To adapt the behavior of an animal to fit the needs of people

A

DOMESTICATE

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10
Q

One of a pair of genes that hides the effect of the other gene in a pair

A

DOMINANT GENE

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11
Q

A method of combining performance data on a given trait about an individual animal and its close relatives to determine the individual’s ability to transmit the performance into offspring

A

ESTIMATED BREEDING VALUE

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12
Q

An estimate of the genetic value of an animal in passing genetic traits to its offspring

A

ESTIMATED PROGENCY DIFFERENCE

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13
Q

A complex molecule located on the chromosome that is involved in the transmission of inherited traits

A

GENE

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14
Q

A technology involving the removal, modification or addition of genes to a DNA molecule

A

GENETIC ENGINEERING

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15
Q

The study of heredity; or the way in which traits of parents are are passed on to their offspring

A

GENETICS

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16
Q

The kind of gene pairs possessed by the animal

A

GENOTYPE

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17
Q

A cell that has only a single set of chromosomes

A

HAPLOID

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18
Q

The amount of the difference between animal that is passed from the parent to the offspring

A

HERITABILITY

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19
Q

The likelihood a trait being passed on from parent to offspring

A

HERITABILITY ESTIMATE

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20
Q
  • also known as HYBRID VIGOR

- improvement in the offspring resulting from favorable combinations of gene pairs

A

HETEROSIS

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21
Q

A gene pair that carries two unlike gene for a trait

A

HETEROZYGOUS PAIR

22
Q

A gene pair that carries two like genes of a trait

A

HOMOZYGOUS PAIR

23
Q

A situation in which one gene does not completely hide or mask the effect of the other gene in a gene pair

A

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

24
Q

The tendency for genes that are located close together on the chromosome to stay together

A

LINKAGE

25
Q

The location of a given gene on a chromosome

A

LOCUS

26
Q

Cells division that increases the number of total cells and the results in growth

A

MITOSIS

27
Q

The appearance of a new trait in the offspring that did not exist in the genetic make-up of the parents

A

MUTATION

28
Q

The record of ancestors of an animal

A

PEDIGREE

29
Q

The physical appearance of an animal

A

PHENOTYPE

30
Q

Measuring of a brood female’s production base on the performance of her offspring

A

PRODUCTION TESTING

31
Q

Evaluation of a male by the performance of his offspring

A

PROGENY TESTING

32
Q

A measure of confidence, a true measure of the male’s ability to transmit genetic characteristics

A

REPEATABILITY

33
Q
  • acronym for Ribonucleic Acid
  • regulates protein synthesis in animals
  • primary function is carrying the genetic messages from DNA for the building of the polypeptide chains that begins the process of protein synthesis
A

RNA

34
Q

Gene that is dominant in one sex but recessive in the other

A

SEX-INFLUENCED GENE

35
Q

The phenotypic expression of some genes is determined by the presence or absence of one of the sex hormones; its expression is limited to one sex

A

SEX-LIMITED GENE

36
Q

Genes that are carried only on the sex hormones

A

SEX-LINKED GENE

37
Q

Law of Inheritance

A
  1. LAW SEGREGATION

2. LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

38
Q

This is a process that involves forces or factors that determine animals in a given generation will breed and produce the next generation

A

SELECTION

39
Q

Individuals with desirable traits are allowed to reproduce for the next generation resulting in the increase of frequency of the desirable genes, and the decline of the frequency of the undesirable genes

A

SELECTION

40
Q

Types of Selection

A
  1. NATURAL SELECTION

2. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

41
Q

Factors that Influence Selection

A
  1. Current or initial gene frequency
  2. Fitness
  3. Degree of dominance expressed at that locus with respect to fitness
42
Q

Dominant trait of Cattle

A
  • BLACK HAIR COAT
  • POLLED
  • WHITE FACE
  • SOLID COLOR
43
Q

Recessive trait of Cattle

A
  • RED HAIR COAT
  • HORNED
  • SOLID COLORED FACE
  • IRREGULAR WHITE SPOTTING
44
Q

Dominant trait of Chicken

A
  • ROSE COMB
  • WHITE SKIN
  • FEATHERED SHANK
  • PEA COMB
  • RESTED HEAD
  • BLACK FEATHERS
  • BARRED PLUMAGE
45
Q

Recessive trait of Chicken

A
  • SINGLE COMB
  • YELLOW SKIN
  • CLEAN SHANKS
  • NO CREST
  • RED FEATHERS
  • NON-BARRED PLUMAGE
46
Q

Dominant trait of Horses

A
  • BLACK HAIR COAT
  • BAY
  • CHESTNUT MANE AND TAIL
  • SMOOTH HAIR
47
Q

Recessive trait of Horses

A
  • CHESTNUT or SORREL
  • NON-BAY (BLACK)
  • FLAXEN MANE AND TALE (PALOMINO)
  • CURLY HAIR
48
Q

Dominant trait of Pigs

A
  • BLACK HAIR
  • WHITE BELT
  • ERECT EARS
49
Q

Recessive trait of Pigs

A
  • RED HAIR
  • NO BELT
  • DROOPING EARS
50
Q

Dominant trait of Sheep

A
  • HAIRY FLEECE
  • WHITE WOOL
  • BROWN EYES
51
Q

Recessive trait of Sheep

A
  • WOOLY FLEECE
  • BLACK WOOL
  • BLUE EYES

Principles of Animal Science (24 decks)

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