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×Chemistry 1 > Nuclear Chemistry > Flashcards

Nuclear Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

nuclide

A

atom (in nuclear chemistry) that is identified by the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus

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2
Q

nucleons

A

protons and neutrons

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3
Q

nuclear reaction

A

reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom

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4
Q

transmutation

A

change in the identity of a nucleus as a result of a change in the number of protons

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5
Q

radioactive decay

nuclear decay

A

spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus into a slightly lighter nucleus

accompanied by emission of particles, electromagnetic radiation, or both

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6
Q

nuclear radiation

A

particles or electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay

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7
Q

types of radioactive decay

A

alpha emission

beta emission

positron emission

electron capture

gamma emission

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8
Q

alpha particle

A

two protons and two neutrons bound together

helium nuclei with a charge of 2+

can cause damage in ingested or inhaled

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9
Q

range of alpha particle

A

a few centimeters in air

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10
Q

penetrating ability of alpha particle

A

low penetrating ability due to large mass and charge

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11
Q

alpha emission

A

process in which an alpha particle is emitted from the nucleus of an atom

occurs in very heavy nuclei

causes atomic number to decrease by 2

causes mass number to decrease by 4

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12
Q

beta particle

A

electron

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13
Q

range of beta particle

A

a few meters in air

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14
Q

penetrating ability of beta particle

A

penetrating ability about 100 times greater than that of alpha particles

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15
Q

speed of beta particle

A

close to the speed of light

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16
Q

beta emission

A

release of an beta particle (electron) from a nucleus

occurs in atoms nuclei with too many neutrons

causes atomic number to increase by 1

causes mass number to stay unchanged

17
Q

positron

A

positively charged particle that has the same mass as an electron

18
Q

positron emission

A

release of a positron from a nucleus

occurs in nuclei with too many protons

causes atomic number to decrease by 1

causes mass number to stay unchanged

19
Q

electron capture

A

process in which an inner orbital electron is captured by the nucleus of the atom that contains the electron

occurs in nuclei with too many protons

causes atomic number to decrease by 1

causes mass number to stay unchanged

20
Q

gamma rays

A

high-energy electromagnetic waves emitted from a nucleus as it changes from an excited energy state to a ground energy state

21
Q

penetrating ability of gamma particle

A

greatest of all particles

22
Q

gamma emission

A

emission of gamma rays from a nucleus

usually occurs immediately following other types of decay (when nucleus is left in an excited state)

23
Q

half-life

A

time required for half the atoms of a radioactive nuclide to decay

24
Q

roentgen

A

a unit used to measure nuclear radiation

equal to the amount of radiation that produces 2 × 109 ion pairs when passing through 1cm³ of dry air

25
Q

rem

A

the quantity of ionizing radiation that does as much damage to human tissue as done by 1 roentgen of high-voltage X-rays

26
Q

nuclear fission

A

a nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus splits into more-stable nuclei of intermediate mass

releases enormous amounts of energy

can occur spontaneously or upon impact with another particle

27
Q

nuclear fusion

A

a nuclear reaction in which light-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus

releases even more energy per gram of fuel than nuclear fission

28
Q

mass defect

A

difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons

29
Q

nuclear binding energy

A

energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons

30
Q

nuclear shell model

A

states that nucleons exist in different energy levels (or shells) in the nucleus

31
Q

radioactive nuclide

A

unstable nucleus that undergoes radioactive decay

32
Q

transuranium elements

A

elements with more than 92 protons in their nuclei

produced by artificial transmutations

×Chemistry 1 (20 decks)

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