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×Chemistry 1 > Liquids and Solids > Flashcards

Liquids and Solids Flashcards

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1
Q

least common state of matter

A

liquid

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2
Q

density

A

degree of compactness

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3
Q

liquid

A

substance with definite volume and indefinite shape

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4
Q

source of kinetic energy of liquids

A

flowing

vibration

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5
Q

density of liquids

A

higher than gas form

lower than solid form (except for water)

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6
Q

compressibility of liquids

A

incompressible

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7
Q

viscosity

A

resistance to flow

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8
Q

surface tension

A

closeness of particles at edge of liquid to prevent gas from entering

caused by attraction of particles on surface by bulk of liquid

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9
Q

capillary action

A

ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of (or even in opposition to) external forces like gravity

causes liquid to slowly move up sides of container

causes formation of miniscus

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10
Q

miscibility

A

ability of 2 or more liquids that mix to form solution

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11
Q

solid

A

substance with definite volume and definite shape

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12
Q

source of kinetic energy of solids

A

vibration

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13
Q

2 types of solids

A

amorphous solid

crystalline solid

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14
Q

amorphous solid

A

solid without a regular and natural shape

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15
Q

creation of amorphous solids

A

made by cooling certain molten materials in a way that they don’t crystallize

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16
Q

crystalline solid

A

solid with a crystal structure

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17
Q

crystal structure

A

total 3-dimensional arrangement of particles of a crystal

repeating geometric pattern

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18
Q

6 types of crystal structures

A

cubic crystal structure

tetragonal crystal structure

orthorhombic crystal structure

monoclinic crystal structure

triclinic crystal structure

hexagonal crystal structure

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19
Q

cubic crystal structure

A

crystal structure wherein the unit cell is in the shape of a cube

3 axes

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20
Q

tetragonal crystal structure

A

crystal structure wherein the unit cell is shaped as a rectangular prism with a square base

3 axes

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21
Q

orthorhombic crystal structure

A

crystal structure wherein the unit cell is a rectangular prism with a rectangular base

3 axes

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22
Q

monoclinic crystal structure

A

crystal structure wherein the unit cell is a rectangular prism with a parallelogram base

3 axes

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23
Q

triclinic crystal structure

A

crystal structure wherein the unit cell is made up of 3 axes of different lengths and angles

3 axes

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24
Q

hexagonal crystal structure

A

crystal structure wherein the unit cell is a hexagonal prism

4 axes

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25
Q

crystal structure of water

A

hexagonal

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26
Q

lattice

A

coordinate system used to represent arrangement of particles

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27
Q

unit cell

A

smallest portion of crystal lattice that shows 3-dimensional pattern of entire lattice

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28
Q

melting point of crystalline solids

A

definite

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29
Q

melting point of amorphous solids

A

indefinite

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30
Q

supercooled liquid

A

substance that remains certain liquid properties (even at temperature where it appears to be solid)

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31
Q

density of solids

A

higher than gas form and liquid form (except for water)

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32
Q

compressibility of solids

A

incompressible

may seem compressible (like wood or cork) but not actually compressible (caused by pores filled with air)

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33
Q

diffusion of solids

A

possible (seems impossible)

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34
Q

rate of diffusion of solids

A

millions of times slower than that of liquids or gases

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35
Q

4 types of crystals

A

ionic crystals

covalent network crystals

metallic crystals

covalent molecular crystals

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36
Q

ionic crystal

A

crystal consisting of positive and negative particles in a regular pattern

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37
Q

hardness of ionic crystals

A

hard

38
Q

brittleness of ionic crytstals

A

brittle

39
Q

melting point of ionic crystals

A

high

40
Q

boiling point of ionic crystals

A

high

41
Q

insulation abilities of ionic crystals

A

good insulators

42
Q

solubility in water of ionic crystals

A

soluble in water

43
Q

electrical conductivity of ionic crystals

A

conductive of electricity when dissolved in water

44
Q

covalent network crystal

A

crystal wherein each atom is covalently bonded to its nearest neighboring atoms

45
Q

hardness of covalent network crystals

A

very hard

46
Q

brittleness of covalent network crystals

A

very brittle

47
Q

melting point of covalent network crystals

A

high

48
Q

boiling point of covalent network crystals

A

high

49
Q

electrical conductivity of covalent network crystals

A

nonconductive of electricity

semiconductive of electricity

50
Q

metallic crystal

A

crystal consisting of metal atoms surrounded by delocalized electrons

51
Q

hardness of metallic crystals

A

varied

52
Q

melting point of metallic crystals

A

varied

53
Q

boiling point of metallic crystals

A

varied

54
Q

tensile strength of metallic crystals

A

varied

55
Q

electrical conductivity of metallic crystals

A

very conductive of electricity

56
Q

solubility in water of metallic crystals

A

insoluble in water

57
Q

covalent molecular crystal

A

crystal consisting of covalently bonded molecules held together by intermolecular forces

58
Q

2 types of covalent molecular crystals

A

nonpolar covalent molecular crystals

polar covalent molecular crystals

59
Q

force within nonpolar covalent molecular crystals

A

London dispersion forces

60
Q

forces within polar covalent molecular crystals

A

dipole-dipole forces

hydrogen bonding

61
Q

hardness of covalent molecular crystals

A

soft

62
Q

melting point of covalent molecular crystals

A

low

63
Q

boiling point of covalent molecular crystal

A

low

64
Q

insulation abilities of covalent molecular crystals

A

good insulators

65
Q

melting

A

change in state from solid to liquid

gain of energy

66
Q

vaporization

A

change in state from liquid to gas

gain of energy

67
Q

sublimation

A

change in state from solid to gas

gain of energy

68
Q

freezing

A

change in state from liquid to solid

loss of energy

69
Q

condensation

A

change in state from gas to liquid

loss of energy

70
Q

deposition

A

change in state from gas to solid

loss of energy

71
Q

evaporation

A

change in state from liquid to gas that occurs below the boiling point

form of vaporization

gain of energy

72
Q

process of evaporation

A

process by which particles escape from surface of liquid and enter gas state

73
Q

heat of fusion

ΔHF

A

amount of heat that is added to melt or removed to freeze a substance

74
Q

heat of vaporization

ΔHV

A

amount of heat that is added to vaporize or removed to condense a substance

75
Q

equilibrium

A

dynamic condition in which 2 opposing changes occur at equal rates in system

76
Q

closed system

A

system wherein matter cannot enter or leave (but energy can)

77
Q

open system

A

system wherein both matter and energy can enter and leave

78
Q

Le Châtlier’s Principle

A

states that system attains new equilibrium position that minimizes stress when system at equilibrium is disturbed by application of stress

79
Q

volitile liquid

A

liquid that evaporates easily

80
Q

vapor pressure

equilibrium vapor pressure

A

pressure exerted by vapor in equilibrium with its corresponding liquid at given temperature

81
Q

phase

A

any part of system that has uniform composition and properties

82
Q

phase diagram

A

graph of pressure and temperature that shows changes in state for substance

83
Q

triple point

A

indicator of at which temperature and pressure conditions that a solid, liquid, or gas of substance can exist at equilibrium

84
Q

critical point

A

indicator of critical temperature and critical pressure

85
Q

critical temperature

tc

A

temperature above which substance cannot exist in the liquid state

86
Q

critical temperature of water

A
  1. 99°C
  2. 99K
87
Q

critical pressure

Pc

A

lowest pressure at which substance can exist as liquid at the critical temperature

88
Q

critical pressure of water

A

217.75atm

89
Q

temperature at which water is most dense

A

4°C

277K

90
Q

specific heat formula

A

Q = mcΔt

91
Q

heat of fusion formula

A

Q = nΔHF

92
Q

heat of vaporization formula

A

Q = nΔHV

×Chemistry 1 (20 decks)

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