NS5: PS Flashcards
james-lange theory of emotion
individual emotionally responds to some stimulus as a result of physiological arousal
eg. encountering a frightening object increases one’s heart rate; the individual notices their heart rate and ascertains that he is frightened
cannon-bard theory of emotion
there is an independent physiological response and an emotional response to any given stimulus; both happen simultaneously and separately
thus, emotions are arrived at independently of the physiological response
schachter-singer theory of emotion
physiological reaction lead to cognitive understanding lead to emotional response
define the following:
- misattribution of arousal
- self monitoring
- relapse prevention
misattribution of arousal: the subjects attributed their arousal to the wrong cause
Self-monitoring is a long-term strategy that usually involves self-reflection and taking regular notes on your behavior, thoughts, and attitudes over time.
Relapse prevention is often used when the target behavior carries with it high risk for relapse or a maladaptive coping mechanism
three types of organizations + examples
Coercive organizations are those for which members do not have a choice about joining. For example, a prison is a coercive organization.
Normative organizations are those which members join based on some shared, moral goal. For example, the American Red Cross volunteer division is a normative organization.
Utilitarian organizations are those in which members are paid for their efforts. These include businesses and corporations, from small town restaurants all the way up to McDonald’s.
define the following:
- sublimation
- reaction formation
- intellectualization
- rationalization
types of defense mechanisms
sublimation occurs when a person channels unacceptable urges, like a craving to smoke, into something more acceptable, like helping others to quit.
Vs. Reaction formation occurs when you express the opposite of your true motivations or desires.
Vs. Intellectualization is the use of cognitive processes to separate oneself from the real problem and avoid emotions and impulses that may arise
Vs. Rationalization happens when a person uses false but logical reasons to explain a feeling or desire.
define the following
- repression
- regression
- displacement
types of defense mechanisms
Repression is the process the ego uses to push undesired or unacceptable thoughts and urges down into the unconscious. The conscious, deliberate form of this is known as suppression or denial, and is typically used to willfully forget an emotionally painful experience or event.
Vs. Regression is the unconscious process of reverting back to behaviors that are less sophisticated and often associated with children (sucking one’s thumb, wetting the bed).
Vs. Displacement is the process of redirecting violent, sexual, or otherwise unseemly impulses from being directed at one person or thing to another.
carl rogers
commonly associated with the humanistic framework; introduced the client-centered or person-centered psychotherapy, in which the person being treated is not called a patient, but rather, a client, implying that person’s sound mental health
Part of this technique is unconditional positive regard, which holds that the therapist accepts the client unconditionally and empathizes with him or her, no matter what
the point of psychotherapy is to help the client sort through issues and make positive decisions regarding them, rather than make a diagnosis or provide a concrete solution for the underlying problem.
ego
- what does it act thru
SIGMUND FREUD
principle which drives to please the id in realistic ways that will provide benefit (and reduce grief) in the long term
acts thru
- CONSCIOUS: awareness in the moment
- UNCONSCIOUS: processes that occur automatically in the mind and are not available to introspection
- PRECONSCIOUS: thoughts in the minds that are unconscious but can be recalled if necessary
prescriptive v descriptive
inductive reasoning v deductive
prescriptive refers to what an individual believes should occur, while descriptive refers to what one perceives as actually occurring.
vs. Inductive reasoning extrapolates from individual observations to general principles, while deductive reasoning is the when external factors affect the resultant observation.
define the following:
- projection
- oedipal complex
- personal constructs
Projection involves a person taking their feelings about themselves and projecting them onto an external source.
An Oedipal complex relates to how a boy perceives his relationship with his mother.
Personal constructs are beliefs about which attributes are most important in making judgments about people.
world systems theory
nations are split into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries on the basis of their wealth, military strength, and government institutions
Core countries are those well-developed, wealthy capitalist nations that control many resources, have powerful militaries, and strong state institutions.
Development and power of the countries decreases as you go from CORE to SEMI PERI to PERIPHERY nations.
Define the following
- representativeness heuristic
- Anchoring heuristic
- adjustment heuristic
The representativeness heuristic is the tendency to make decisions about actions or events based upon our standard representations of those events.
Vs. Anchoring and adjustment heuristics are the same thing – they mean that we tie impressions to earlier perceptions of people.
define the following:
- chunking
- hippocampus
- cerebellum
- crossover design
Chunking involves combining individual pieces of information into larger “chunks” so that they may be remembered more easily
Hippocampus involved with long term memory
The cerebellum is responsible for motor functions and some memory of those functions (eg. procedural memory)
A crossover design occurs when participants participate in each group in a study.
define the following:
- mass hysteria
- fads
- riots
Mass hysteria is a collective delusional belief that something is threatening (like vaccines). It spreads through fear and misinformation.
Vs. Fads are intense, short-lived periods of enthusiasm or excitement – usually for a product or a fashion style.
Vs. A riot is a form of civil disorder commonly characterized by a group lashing out in a violent public disturbance against authority, property, or people.
