NS4: PS Flashcards
cultural assimilation
Cultural assimilation is the process by which a particular group’s culture begins to resemble that of another.
Typically, the four factors that measure completeness of assimilation are geographic distribution, intermarriage, language acquisition, and socioeconomic status
Assimilation can be slowed by the development of cultural or ethnic enclaves, that is, neighborhoods or areas with a high concentration of people from one distinct culture or ethnicity.
define the following:
- acculturation
- social capital
- chain migration
acculturation refers to developing the ability to interact within a dominant culture while internally preserving facets of one’s own culture of origin
Social capital is the value embedded in social networks, such as job connections, the ability to call in favors, and the ability to rely on others for support in difficult circumstances.
Chain migration is the tendency for people to follow family members and close friends to the same community in another country.
define the following:
- surround suppression
- proprioception
- neuron potentiation
Surround suppression involves perceiving tactile information while ignoring stimuli immediately surrounding it.
Proprioception is the perception of the positioning of one’s own body parts in space.
Neuron potentiation: used in context of long-term potentiation bc defined as the strengthening of synapses with repeated use over time
kinesthetic system
focused on balance and an individual’s sense of his body in the world, relying on our ability to sense linear and rotational acceleration
organ responsible = ear
- vestibule = senses linear rotation
- semicircular canals = senses rotational acceleration
Anatomy of the Ear
- Outer Ear (1)
- tympanic membrane
Outer ear: collects sound and funnels it into your ear
– Auricle: aka pinna; cartilage + skin; basically, the shape of your ear
Auditory canal: aka ear canal
Tympanic membrane: aka eardrum; thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear
Anatomy of the Ear
- middle ear (2)
- 2 windows
Middle ear: aka tympanic cavity
- Ossicles: three small bones that are connected and transmit the sound waves to the inner ear → Malleus, Incus, Stapes
- Eustachian Tube: aka auditory tube; canal that links the middle ear w the back of the nose, helping to equalize the pressure in the middle ear in order to properly transfer sound waves; lined w mucous and can also help with draining fluid from the middle ear
Two windows that connect the middle ear w the inner ear
- Oval window: directly contacted by the stapes, amplifying the vibrations
- Round window: dampens vibrations as they reach the cochlea, translating them into fluid movement across the basilar membrane
Anatomy of the Ear
- 3 inner ear layers
Bony labyrinth: thick layer of bone that protects the inner ear
Perilymph: layer of fluid that transmits vibrations from the stapes but also protects the membranous labyrinth
Membranous labyrinth: filled with endolymph, a potassium rich fluid that generally resists motion
Anatomy of the Ear
- inner ear structures (3)
converts the sound waves into action potentials
Cochlea: contains Corti, the spiral shaped organ for hearing; transforms movement of liquid across haircells of the basilar membrane into signals that get sent to the brain – MECHANOTRANSDUCTION
Vestibule: contains the utricle and saccule; responsible for sensing linear acceleration, thus helping us with balance and our orientation in space; the utricle and saccule contain specialized hair cells, otoliths, that resist motion as the body accelerates, and send information to the brain
Semicircular canals: attached to cochlea and nerves; each canal ends in an ampulla, which houses hair cells; endolymph in the ampullas resists motion when the head rotates, stimulating hair cells to send information to the brain
gender v sex
Gender refers to the state of being a particular sex, either male or female, and corresponds not to physical differences (sex organs), but to behavioral, cultural, and psychological traits.
Sex refers to the biologically determined sex chromosomes of a person and the accompanying anatomy (the XX genotype corresponds to females and the XY genotype corresponds to males), while gender is a culturally conditioned phenomenon.
define the following:
- gender inequality
- gender scheme theory
Gender inequality refers to the empowerment of one gender over another, either intentionally or not.
Gender schema theory describes how cultural constructs of gender are shaped and transmitted.
define the following:
- gender identity
- gender dysphoria
Gender identity refers to how one experiences one’s own gender personally, and gender expression describes the many different ways in which gender identity manifests behaviorally in a given cultural context.
Gender dysphoria is the feeling of stress or discomfort in which one’s sense of one’s gender does not align with the gender assigned at birth (overwhelmingly the physiological sex of the person as determined by primary sex characteristics).
define the following:
- paraphilia
- sexual dysfunction
- androgyny
Paraphilia is the experience of intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, situations, or individuals.
Sexual dysfunction is difficulty experienced by an individual or a couple during any stage of sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire, preference, arousal or orgasm.
Androgyny is the combination of masculine and feminine characteristics. Sexual ambiguity may be found in fashion, gender identity, sexual identity, or sexual lifestyle. It can also refer to biological intersex physicality
define the following:
- general paresis
- delirium tremens
- schizotypal personality disorder
General paresis, also known as general paralysis of the insane or paralytic dementia, is a neuropsychiatric disorder affecting the brain, caused by late-stage syphilis.
Delirium tremens is an acute episode of delirium that is usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol.
Schizotypal personality disorder is a personality disorder characterized by a need for social isolation, anxiety in social situations, odd behavior and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs.
define the following:
- vygotsky’s social learning thoery
- chomsky’s language learning theory
- rater bias
Vygotsky’s social learning theory heavily stresses the role of people and interactions in language acquisition, which would involve mirror neurons.
Vs. According to Chomsky’s view, individuals have an innate language acquisition device.
Rater bias: tendency for raters to rate in the middle of a scale
define the following:
- independent samples t test
- paired samples t test
- linear regression
- pearson correlation coefficient
An independent samples t-test is conducted when researchers wish to compare mean values of two groups.
Vs. A paired samples t-test would be used if the results came from the same participants.
Vs. Linear regression is used to predict scores from independent variables.
Vs. A Pearson correlation coefficient is calculated to compare the association between two variables.
