AAMC FL2 Flashcards
energy equation, in terms of h / f / wavelength
E = hf = hc/λ, where h = 6.62 × 10 −34J ∙ s and c = 3 × 10 8 m/s
calculating Kcat in terms of enzyme concentration and Vmax
kcat = Vmax/[E]
chromatography using silica
silica gel is polar, thus will interact with polar solvents … non polar will travel farther / elute first
what functional groups are polar? order them (7)
- COOH: 2 oxygens, can’t get any more than this
- CONH2: Same as above, but nitrogen is less electron withdrawing
- OH: O grabs all the electrons
- C=O: less polar than -OH because there is a bit of sharing by the carbonyl with its carbon
- CNH2: N doesn’t withdraw electrons very strongly from carbon; it also has a lone pair that it’s willing to pass around
- COOR: R group diminishes polarity
- COR: ethers aren’t really polar
define half life
half-life of a radioactive material is defined as the time it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei, which may or may not also be radioactive
what do cooperativity graphs look like
the curves will have a sigmoidal shape
venturi effect
Venturi effect depends on the conventions of Bournouille’s law. In the area of the mask openings, Pair = P + ρv2/2, thus Pair > P. The pressure of the oxygen inside of the mask is less than the atmospheric pressure outside of the mask. As a result of simple pressure differential, the air will come into the mask.
triacylglcerols
+ structure
triacylglycerols are neutral storage lipids. They consist of three fatty acids ester-linked to a single glycerol.
where does oxidation and reduction occur
RED CAT, AN OX
Reduction at cathode
oxidation at anode
do catalysts increase or decrease the rate of a chemical reaction
catalysts INCREASE the rate of chemical reaction, which is the amount of product formed per unit time.
define the following:
- coordinate covalent bonding
- covalent bonding
- ionic bonding
Coordinate covalent bond: unequal donation of electrons (ie one element is donating the electrons in the bond)
Covalent: equal donation of electrons
Ionic: unequal sharing of electron densities
coordination number
2 examples
coordination number as the number of electron pairs the central atom is getting
Eg. If an atom is receiving two electron pairs from one ligand and has a total of 2 ligands, then its coordination number would be 4. Similarly, if a central atom is receiving one electron pair from a ligand and has four ligands, then it’s coordination number is 4.
Henderson-Hasselbach equation
pH = pKa + log([base]/[acid])
power
P=PE/time = mgh/t
measured in watts, or joules over seconds
Which of the following energy conversions best describes what takes place in a battery-powered resistive circuit when the current is flowing?
Chemical to electric to thermal
the chemical energy of the battery elements is used as electrical energy to set the charge carriers in motion through the resistor, where they experience drag from the crystal lattice of the resistive conductor and dissipate their energy as heat from the resistor.
secondary structure of proteins
repeated patterns of hydrogen bonds between the backbone amide protons and carbonyl oxygen atoms
phosphodiester bonds
phosphodiester bonds link the 3ʹ carbon atom of one deoxyribose and the 5ʹ carbon atom of another deoxyribose within the DNA molecules
etc reactions influence each other how?
ETC reactions are catalytically coupled to one another. Thus, inhibition of complexes I and II affects the activity of Complex III, which affects the activity of Complex IV.
PFK-1 regulation
ATP, the end product of glycolysis, downregulates through feedback inhibition the activity of phosphofructokinase-1 by binding to a regulatory site other than the active site of the enzyme (allosteric regulation)
what residues make up transmembrane proteins / domains
transmembrane domains are (by definition) able to cross the phospholipid bilayer
As a result, these domains are most likely to have a high proportion of hydrophobic residues because hydrophobic residues are nonpolar, thus allowing interaction with the lipid bilayer
disulfide bonds
connect subunits in proteins via bonds btwn the thiol groups of cysteine residues
vant hoff factor
(i) used to describe how many ions are present in a salt
Eg. NaCl → Na+ and Cl-, thus has a i = 2
what promotes the production of estrogen
LH and FSH
what happens when you add one nucleotide to an open reading frame
an open reading frame (ORF) is the part of a reading frame that has the ability to be translated; usually begins with a start codon (AUG) and ends w a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA)
the addition of one nucleotide to the open reading frame of EGP results in a frameshift mutation and an aberrant carboxy-terminal domain, because translation is done in the 5’ to 3’ direction (thus N terminus to C terminus)
the N terminus corresponds to the #’ end
vs the C terminus
N = 5 C = 3
In humans, eggs and sperm are most similar with respect to ______
GENOME SIZE because both eggs and sperm contain a haploid number of chromosomes
CTL
cytotoxic T lymphocytes target virus-infected cells by recognizing the viral antigen presented on the cell surface
where does the sperm mature?
how does it get there before maturation?
sperm, produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes, completes maturation and becomes motile in the epididymis
it is transported there from the testes via the cilia of the vas deferens
what would adding a reducing agent do to a polymer in an SDS-page?
adding a reducing agent would eliminate any disulfide bridges (thus, breaking the peptide bonds) and allow the monomers to run separately
