MISC Flashcards
ver 1 + 2
oxygen containing compounds and their tendency for being reduced / oxidized
alcohols (most reduced / least oxidized) to aldehydes and ketones (intermediate reduction / oxidation) to carboxylic acids (least reduced / most oxidized)
primary alc can be oxidized to _____ by a (weak/strong/either) oxidizing agent.
a secondary alcohol will be oxidized to a _____ by a (weak/strong/either) oxidizing agent.
an aldehyde will be oxidized to _____ by a (weak/strong/either) oxidizing agent
A primary alcohol can be oxidized to an aldehyde by a mild oxidizing agent or to a carboxylic acid by a strong oxidizing agent.
A secondary alcohol will be oxidized to a ketone by either a mild or a strong oxidizing agent.
A strong oxidizing agent will likewise oxidize an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid.
a strong reducing agent can reduce _____ to ____ while a weak one ______.
what about mild and strong ones?
A strong reducing agent can reduce a carboxylic acid directly to an alcohol, while weak reducing agents will not reduce carboxylic acids at all.
Both mild and strong reducing agents can reduce aldehydes and ketones to primary and secondary alcohols, respectively.
how do competitive inhibitors affect Km and Vmax? what about noncomp or uncomp?
Competitive inhibitors increase Km while Vmax is unchanged.
Noncompetitive inhibitors decrease Vmax while Km is unchanged.
Uncompetitive inhibitors decrease both Vmax and Km.
hardy weinberg equation
use allele frequencies to predict the distribution of phenotypes in the population and vice versa
If p and q are the only two alleles of a gene present in the population, then p + q = 1.
Squaring the equation yields: (p + q)2 = 12 → p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.
This second equation allows us to connect genotypes and phenotypes, because the p2 and q2 terms correspond to individuals homozygous for p and q, respectively, while the 2pq term gives the frequency of heterozygotes.
where are neurotransmitters found
Neurotransmitters are only found in synapses, not in cerebral spinal fluid
pathway of verbal inputs
Verbal inputs of each ear go to the auditory complex of the opposite side BUT are processed in the matching hemisphere.
eg. Verbal inputs from the LEFT ear go to the auditory cortex of the RIGHT hemisphere but are processed in the LEFT hemisphere.
aging does NOT diminish ___
but does diminish _____.
Aging does NOT diminish the ability to retrieve general information.
Aging DOES diminish a person’s
- Capacity to acquire new declarative information
- Capacity for controlling mental processes
- Ability to cope with Alzheimer’s
What happens when you internalize neuroreceptors?
Internalizing means downregulating receptors on the post synaptic membrane (ie decreasing the available number of receptors)
Leads to desensitization to neurotransmitters as you will have less receptors in the post synaptic membrane that can transmit the signal
Instinctual drift
phenomenon where established habits, learned using operant techniques, are eventually replaced by innate behaviors → ie learned behavior “drifts” to the organism’s species-specific instinctual behavior
Thus, when training an animal, you would not want to train it in a manner that goes against their instincts → ie. you would avoid instinctual drift
define the following:
- serial position effect
- primacy effect
- recency effect
Serial position effect: beginning and ends of a list are recalled with better accuracy than the middle
Primacy effect: better recall of initial items in a list
Recency effect: better recall of later items in a list
exocrine glands secrete their products into ____, while endocrine glands secrete their products into _____
Exocrine glands secrete their products into DUCTS (external) while endocrine glands secrete their products into BLOOD (internal).
why do actin microfilaments do not change in length when the sarcomere shortens in muscle contractions?
They are capped at Z-line on one end, and capped by cytochalasins on the other end.
sugar reaction + chemical formula
O2 + alkane/sugar → CO2 + H2O
Note stoichiometry
Sugars will always have the form CnH2nOn
endo v exothermic reactions
Endothermic reaction = reactants + heat yields products
Exothermic reaction = reactants yield products + heat
Describe the definition of and the trend of Electronegativity on the periodic table?
Electronegativity, affinity of a particular atom for electrons.
Increases from left to right and bottom to top
Electronegativity differences lead to ionic character (ie dipoles) btwn molecules
Define atomic radius and its trend on the periodic table?
As more protons in the nucleus, the valence electrons are more attracted to nucleus and are closer.
Atomic radius decreases from left to right and increases from top to bottom
Atomic radius has a greater influence on acidity than electronegativity → smaller radius = greater acidity
Define ionization energy and its trend on the periodic table?
Energy necessary to release the outermost electron from an atom.
Increases from left to right across a period and bottom to top on a group.
As atoms decrease in size, the valence electrons become more strongly attracted to the nucleus, and more energy is required to liberate an electron
Describe metallic character and its trend on periodic table?
The ease with which an atom loses valence electrons. Atoms with low ionization energies are strongly metallic.
As ionization energy increases, metallic character decreases
