AAMC FL3 CPF Flashcards
aufbau principle of electron configuration
electrons fill low energy orbitals (closer to the nucleus) before they fill higher energy ones.
in low to high energy:
1s > 2s 2p > 3s 3p > 4s > 3d > 4p …
draw out aufbau (1) until perfect
- up to n = 8
s block / d block / p block orbital filling
d block ions
s block: 4s orbital filling
d block: 3d
p block: 4p
** in d block ions (transition elements), the 4s orbital behaves as the outermost, highest energy orbital
how many electrons in each orbital s/p/d/f
s = 1 orbital = 2 electrons max
p = 3 orbitals = 6 max
d = 5 = 10 max
f = 7 = 14 max
total max # of electrons: 32 (fourth level)
electron configuration of [Ar] Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
aka your d block transition metals
the energy of the 3d orbitals becomes slightly less than that of the 4s
[Ar] is used to represent 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Sc [Ar] 3d1 4s2 Ti [Ar] 3d2 4s2 V [Ar] 3d3 4s2 Cr [Ar] 3d5 4s1 Mn [Ar] 3d5 4s2 Fe [Ar] 3d6 4s2 Co [Ar] 3d7 4s2 Ni [Ar] 3d8 4s2 Cu [Ar] 3d10 4s1 Zn [Ar] 3d10 4s2
electronic configuration of
neutral iron and iron (III)
what ions are lost first during ionization
Fe: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2
Fe3+: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5
4s electrons are lost first during ionization, thus the 4s orbital must have a higher energy than the 3d orbitals.
quantum numbers
n = principal quantum number = refers to size of orbital and energy level
l = azimuthal quantum number = number of subshells; describes shape of orbital
ml = magnetic quantum number = orbital sub-type; range of -s to +s
ms = spin quantum number = can only be -0.5 or +0.5; have to add up to 0 when paired
what do differing amounts of an isomeric product indicate
For a thermodynamic mixture of isomeric products, the relative mole ratio of products is directly related to the relative stability of these products.
calculate capacitance in terms of charge and velocity
calculate energy stored in a capacitor
C = Q / V
= charge over voltage
[C] = farad, F = C / V
E = mc^2 E = 0.5CV^2
how do you determine the relative stability of isomers
the relative thermodynamic stability of isomers can be determined based on the amount of heat produced when the compounds are combusted; less heat, greater stability.
energy in terms of wavelengths and frequencies
Relevant equation: E = hf
Wavelength and energy have inverse relationships; frequency and energy have direct relationships.
what is needed to reliably obtain Vo versus substrate concentration data to calculate KM and Vmax using Michaelis−Menten enzyme kinetics
Initial velocity is measured under steady state conditions.
Solution pH remains constant at all substrate concentrations.
The concentration of enzyme is lower than that of substrate.
what compound can coordinate calcium ions
coordinate = interact w
only a lewis base can coordinate Ca2+
lewis base: any atom that can donate a lone pair of electrons
porphyrin
eg. heme
The basic unit of a porphyrin is the pyrrole ring, a five-sided heterocycle containing one nitrogen atom.
be able to draw (1)
equilibrium constant for DNA unfolding
also, delta Go for it
Keq = [unfolded]/[native] as the unfolded DNA is considered to be a product.
Thus, ΔG′° = −RTlnKeq = −RTln([unfolded]/[native]).
continuity equation
+ its relationship to blood flow
density1 * A1 * v1 = density2 * A2 * v2
thus, if u is the speed of flow in the capillary bed, then A × v = n × a × u
