NRVs, Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards
What are the risks, signs, and recommendations for a pregnant woman with folate deficiency?
Risk: Increased needs during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects.
Signs: Fatigue, megaloblastic anaemia, increased birth defect risk.
Toxicity: High doses can mask vitamin B12 deficiency.
Normal Range: 4.5–45.3 nmol/L.
Prescription: 600 mcg/day during pregnancy.
What are the risks, signs, and recommendations for an elderly man with vitamin D deficiency?
Risk: Reduced sun exposure and decreased skin synthesis.
Signs: Muscle weakness, bone pain, increased fracture risk.
Toxicity: Hypercalcemia leading to nausea, vomiting, kidney stones.
Normal Range: ≥50 nmol/L; deficiency <49 nmol/L.
Prescription:
10 mcg/day for ages 50–70.
15 mcg/day for >70 years.
How can a vegan teenager avoid vitamin B12 deficiency, and what are the signs?
Risk: Vegan diets lack natural B12 sources.
Signs: Anaemia, fatigue, tingling in hands/feet, cognitive issues.
Toxicity: Rare (water-soluble).
Normal Range: 100–130 ng/L.
Prescription: 2.4 mcg/day.
What are the signs, risks, and recommendations for a middle-aged woman with iron deficiency?
Risk: Heavy menstrual bleeding.
Signs: Fatigue, pallor, weakness, brittle nails.
Toxicity: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain from excessive intake.
Deficiency Threshold: <30 µg/L.
Prescription:
18 mg/day for ages 19–50.
27 mg/day during pregnancy.
What are the risks and symptoms of sodium deficiency in competitive athletes?
Risk: Heavy sweating leading to sodium loss.
Signs: Muscle cramps, weakness, nausea, confusion.
Toxicity: High blood pressure, cardiovascular issues from excessive intake
What are the risks, signs, and recommendations for a child at risk of vitamin A deficiency?
Risk: Limited access to diverse foods, common in low-income regions.
Signs: Night blindness, dry skin, impaired immune system.
Toxicity: Nausea, vomiting, hair loss from excessive intake.
What does the EAR represent, and how is it used?
ESTIMATED AVERAGE REQUIREMENT
Definition: Amount estimated to meet the needs of 50% of individuals.
Use: Baseline for setting other values (e.g., RDI); used for population-level assessment.
Limitation: Not suitable for individual adequacy due to mean requirement variation.
How is the RDI determined, and what is its purpose?
RECOMMENDED DAILY INTAKE
Definition: Covers the needs of 98% of the population, derived by adding 2 SDs to the EAR.
Use: Individual dietary planning and assessment.
Limitation: Doesn’t guarantee deficiency prevention.
When is AI used, and how is it determined?
ADEQUATE INTAKE
Use: Applied when insufficient evidence exists for an EAR/RDI.
Source: Based on observed or experimental estimates in healthy populations.
Examples: Fluid, fibre, potassium, sodium, PUFA.
What does UL represent, and how should it be used?
UPPER INTAKE LEVEL
Definition: Maximum intake unlikely to pose health risks.
Limitation: Not a recommended intake, but a threshold to avoid toxicity.
What is the purpose of EER, and how is it used?
ESTIMATED ENERGY REQUIREMENT
Definition: Energy required to maintain balance (intake = expenditure).
Use: Guides energy recommendations for groups.
What do SDT and AMDR represent?
SUGGESTED DIETARY TARGET
Target intakes to prevent chronic disease (e.g., antioxidants, fibre, PUFA).
APPROPRIATE MACRONUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION RANGE
Proportion of energy from macronutrients (CHO, fat, protein).
What are the signs and NRVs for vitamin A deficiency?
Signs: Xerophthalmia, night blindness, rough/dry skin.
NRV: M: 900 mcg/day, W: 700 mcg/day.
Deficiency Range: Serum retinol <20–30 µg/dL.
What are the symptoms and NRVs for vitamin K deficiency?
Signs: Haemorrhage, prolonged bleeding, clotting issues.
NRV: M: 120 mcg/day, W: 90 mcg/day.
Tests: PT & INR.
What are the signs and NRVs for thiamine deficiency?
Signs: Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, mental confusion.
NRV: M: 1.2 mg/day, W: 1.1 mg/day.
Diagnosis: Clinical symptoms, no specific test.
