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Non-inflammatory diarrhea Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation involving the mucosa of the both the small and large intestines

A

Enterocolitis

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2
Q

Bacteria associated with marine environments

A

Vibrio cholerae

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3
Q

Gram negative, rigid, curved rod with polar flagellum and darting motility. Arranged in rows on smear.

A

Vibrio cholerae

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4
Q

Facultative anaerobe, halophilic, fermentative gram negative curved rod. Grows in alkaline pH.

A

Vibrio cholerae

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5
Q

Serogroups of V cholerae that cause cholera

A

O1
O139

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6
Q

Bacteria present in algal blooms that contaminates shellfish

A

Vibrio cholerae

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7
Q

Reason infective dose of Vibrio cholerae is high

A

It is sensitive to gastric acid

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8
Q

Virulence factor that acts as a receptor for filamentous bacteriophage that codes for cholera toxin

A

Toxin coregulated pilus (TCP)

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9
Q

Virulence factors of V cholerae

A

Pili
TCP
Flagellum
Mucinase

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10
Q

Complex A-B toxin that resembles ETEC heat labile toxin

A

Cholera toxin

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11
Q

Causes increased levels of cAMP in enterocyte leading to secretory diarrhea

A

Cholera toxin

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12
Q

Incubation period of cholera

A

1-4 days

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13
Q

Pt presents with N/V, abdominal cramps, and rice-water stools after eating shellfish a few days ago

A

Cholera

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14
Q

Complication of untreated cholera

A

Hypovolemic shock

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15
Q

Yellow (sucrose) fermenting colonies on TCBS from stool specimen. Oxidase positive.

A

Vibrio cholerae

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16
Q

Drug of choice for cholera

A

Azithromycin

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17
Q

Antibiotics that can be used for cholera

A

Azithromycin
Doxycycline
Ciprofloxacin

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18
Q

Suspected in pts who give a history of ingestion of raw seafood, or wound infection after exposure to seawater

A

Vibrio vulnificus

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19
Q

Treatment for Vibrio vulnificus infection

A

Doxycycline

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20
Q

General features of Enterobacteriaceae

A

Gram negative bacilli
Facultatively anaerobic
Ferment glucose
Catalase positive
Oxidase negative
Reduce nitrates to nitrites

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21
Q

Most abundant gram negative rods in the colon and feces I

A

E coli

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22
Q

Gram negative, lactose fermenting bacilli with peritrichous flagella. Indole and citrate positive

A

E coli

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23
Q

3 antigenic structures of E coli

A

O antigen –> somatic
H antigen –> flagellar
K antigen –> capsule

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24
Q

Virulence factors of E coli

A

Pili
Endotoxin
Capsule
Type III secretion systems
Enterotoxins

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25
Virulence factor of E coli responsible for gastroenteritis
Enterotoxins
26
E coli type associated with these exotoxins --> heat labile toxin (LT-1) and heat stable toxin (STa)
ETEC
27
E coli type associated with colonization factor antigens (CFA) adhesins
ETEC
28
E coli types associated with BFP and intimin adhesins
EPEC STEC/EHEC
29
E coli type associated with aggregative adherence fimbriae (AAF) adhesins
EAEC
30
E coli type associated with these exotoxins --> enteroaggregative heat stable toxin and plasmid encoded toxin
EAEC
31
E coli type associated with shiga toxins, Stx1 and Stx2, exotoxins
STEC/EHEC
32
E coli type associated with invasive plasmid antigen adhesin
EIEC
33
E coli type associated with hemolysin (HlyA) exotoxin
EIEC
34
5 main groups of E coli that cause diarrhea
STEC/EHEC ETEC EPEC EAEC EIEC
35
Source of ETEC
Food or water contaminated with human feces
36
Site of action of ETEC
Small intestine
37
AB toxin that causes ADP ribosylation and stimulation of G proteins to activate adenylate cyclase to cause intestinal secretion
LT toxin of ETEC
38
ST toxin stimulates guanylate cyclase to increase cGMP
ETEC
39
Pathogens commonly causing traveler's diarrhea
ETEC
40
Pt presents with watery diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting with low-grade fever after recent travel
ETEC EAEC
41
Treatment for infection with ETEC
Fluid replacement
42
E coli type seen in bottle fed infants in developing countries, commonly affecting children <1 yo
EPEC
43
Source of EPEC
Food or water contaminated with human feces
44
Site of action of EPEC
Small intestine
45
E coli type that produces attachment and effacement lesions using T3SS, intimin, and Tir adherence factors to HEp-2 and HeLa cells causing malabsorption and diarrhea
EPEC
46
Most frequent isolate types of EPEC
O55:K59 O111:K58
47
Treatment of EPEC
Fluid replacement and supportive care
48
E coli strain commonly implicated in food contamination in Mexico and in infant diarrhea
EAEC
49
Aggregates resemble stacked bricks on light microscopy
EAEC
50
Site of action of EAEC
Small intestine
51
Plasmid coded virulence factors of this pathogen are EAST and AAF I-III causing hemorrhage and decreased fluid absorption
EAEC
52
Pathogen that causes formation of heavy mucus biofilm on intestinal surface, which may contribute to persistent colonization and diarrhea
EAEC
53
Pt presents with persistent watery mucoid diarrhea, vomiting, and low-grade fever after travel
EAEC
54
Diarrhea causing pathogen associated with characteristic adherence to HEp-2 cells
EAEC
55
Viruses causing non-inflammatory diarrhea
Rotavirus Norovirus Adenovirus Astrovirus
56
Number one cause of serious infantile diarrhea worldwide
Rotavirus
57
Medium sized virus with double layered capsid in the Reoviridae family
Rotavirus
58
Segmented dsDNA, non-enveloped virus that looks like a hub cap
Rotavirus
59
Most common Rotavirus group causing endemic, severe, infantile diarrhea
Group A
60
Transmission of rotavirus
Feco-oral
61
Virus that infects cell of small intestine by attaching to sialic acid via VP4
Rotavirus
62
Viral protein NSP4 acts as enterotoxin, causing fluid secretion
Rotavirus
63
Incubation period of rotavirus
48 hrs
64
Sudden onset of vomiting, abdominal pain, non-bloody watery diarrhea, fever, and dehydration in infant or young child who goes to daycare
Rotavirus
65
Type of vaccine for rotavirus and administration schedule
Oral live attenuated vaccine At 2, 4, and 6 mo
66
Naked, icosahedral, positive sense ssRNA virus of the Calciviridae family that is acid stable
Norovirus
67
Transmission of norovirus
Feco-oral --> contaminated food, water, and surfaces Person to person
68
Foodborne pathogen commonly associated with outbreaks on cruise ships
Norovirus
69
Pathogen causing direct damage to intestinal enterocytes causing vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and HAs that usually resolves in 1-2 days
Norovirus
70
Incubation of norovirus
12-48 hrs
71
Diagnosis of norovirus
Reverse transcriptase PCR of feces or vomitus
72
Non-enveloped dsDNA virus that can cause diarrhea, but is usually associated with respiratory infection and conjunctivitis
Adenovirus
73
Infective serotypes of adenovirus
40 and 41
74
Non-enveloped ssRNA virus that often causes an asymptomatic infection where virions are shed in the stool in large quantities
Astrovirus
75
Protozoa causing secretory diarrhea
Giardia duodenalis Cryptosporidium parvum Cystoisospora belli Cyclospora cayetanensis
76
Non-invasive luminal flagellate, sting-ray shaped trophozoite with 2 nuclei
Giardia duodenalis
77
Infective form of Giardia duodenalis
Cysts
78
Pt presents with steatorrhea, nausea, and abdominal cramps persisting for 6 weeks. Stool sample shows cysts.
Giardia duodenalis
79
Complication of Giardia infection in children
Severe malabsorption syndrome
80
Treatments for giardiasis
Metronidazole Quinacrine hydrochloride
81
Prevention of giardiasis
Boiling, filtering, or treating water with iodine
82
Coccidian parasite that infects villi of lower small intestine and is resistant to chlorine
Cryptosporidium parvum
83
Source of Cryptosporidium parvum
Gut of cattle
84
Diagnosis by modified acid fast staining of stool showing oocysts
Cryptosporidiosis
85
Treatment for Cryptosporidiosis
Nitazoxanide --> only in immunocompromised
86
Common presentation of cryptosporidiosis
Asymptomatic to mild in healthy Severe in immunocompromised
87
Only known host of Cystoisospora belli
Humans
88
Transmission of Cystoisospora belli
Ingestion of mature oocysts via feco-oral route
89
Pt presents with profuse, water, non-bloody, mucoid, foul-smelling diarrhea. Also has cramping, vomiting, and low-grade fever. Modified acid fast stain shows large oocysts.
Cystoisospora belli
90
Treatment for heavier Cystoisospora belli infections
Cotrimoxazole TMP-SMZ
91
Transmission of Cyclospora cayetanensis
Feco-oral route via contaminated food or water
92
Diarrhea causing pathogen associated with contaminated raspberries, basil, and lettuce
Cyclospora cayetanensis
93
Immunocompromised pt presents with 6 wks of diarrhea, cramps, and dehydration. Stool sample demonstrates acid fast oocysts.
Cyclospora cayetanensis
94
Treatment for cyclospora cayetanensis
Cotrimoxazole

GI II (31 decks)

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