Non-Communicable Disease. Flashcards
What is a non-communicable disease?
A non-communicable disease is a disease that cannot be spread from person to person. It is usually caused by lifestyle, genetics, or environmental factors, such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.
What are the risk factors for heart disease?
- Smoking
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Lack of exercise
- Poor diet
What does the term correlation mean?
What does a causal mechanism mean?
What is the difference between malignant and benign tumours?
Malignant tumors are cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). Benign tumors are non-cancerous, grow slowly, and don’t spread. Benign tumors are usually less harmful, while malignant ones are more dangerous.
Give three common signs of cancer:
How can we check for cancer?
Give four potential cancer causes:
What are the two most common cancer treatments?
Why is physical and mental health important?
Why is stress such a problem?
What are some diseases caused by drinking too much alcohol?
What 3 common problems are caused by drinking alcohol when pregnant?
What is a balanced diet important?
Give 3 risk factors of type 2 diabetes:
What are the 4 bases and how do they pair up complementarily?
The 4 bases of DNA are…
- adenine (A)
- thymine (T)
- cytosine (C)
- guanine (G)
They pair up complementarily as:
- Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T)
- Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G)
How many DNA replications are in meiosis?
1
What is made in meiosis?
4 genetically unique haploid daughter cells
What are the 3 uses of mitosis?
- Asexual reproduction
- Growing
- Repair – to replace damages cells - Healing wounds
Give an example of an organism which can do both sexual and asexual reproduction in it’s lifecycle
Strawberries
- Asexually = runners
- Sexually = seed
What are the 3 genotypes and their corresponding phenotypes?
Homozygous dominant (AA) - Phenotype: dominant trait (e.g., brown eyes)
Heterozygous (Aa) - Phenotype: dominant trait (e.g., brown eyes)
Homozygous recessive (aa) - Phenotype: recessive trait (e.g., blue eyes
Give 3 symptoms of cystic fibrosis?
Persistent cough with thick mucus.
Frequent lung infections.
Difficulty breathing.
What type of genetic disorder is cystic fibrosis and what does this mean?
recessive genetic disorder. This means that an individual needs two copies of the defective gene to have the disorder
Who is known as the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
What type of plant did the father of genetics study to investigate inheritance?
pea plants
What is a mutation?
a change in the DNA sequence that can alter the structure or function of a protein.
How many bases code for one amino acid
Three bases (a codon) code for one amino acid.
Describe the structure of the nucleotide
Phosphate group: Attached to the sugar.
Deoxyribose sugar: A five-carbon sugar in DNA.
Nitrogenous base: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), or Guanine (G)
What is stage 1 of the cell cycle and what happens here?
Interphase
During this stage:
- The cell grows and increases in size.
- DNA is replicated.
- Organelles are duplicated to prepare for cell division.
What is Stage 3 of the cell cycle?
Cytokinesis,
where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate, identical daughter cells.
What does fertilization mean?
the process where a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg) fuse to form a zygote.
