educake - Photosynthesis; Aerobic and anaerobic respiration and Exercise and metabolism Flashcards
photosynthesis definition
3 things
what
how
where
- It is the process by which green plants use sunlight energy to make their own food.
- convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (a type of sugar) and oxygen.
- takes place inside the chloroplasts of plant cells.
What is the chemical in leaves that absorbs light?
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is a green pigment found inside chloroplasts in the leaves of green plants.
What sugar is formed in photosynthesis?
glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆).
What gas is needed by plants for photosynthesis?
The gas carbon dioxide, found in the atmosphere
What gas is produced by plants as a waste product of photosynthesis? Give the name, not the symbol or formula.
oxygen
What substance is tested for to see if photosynthesis has occurred in a leaf?
In order to see if photosynthesis has occurred in a green plant, a leaf can be removed from the plant and tested for the presence of starch.
When leaves are tested for starch with iodine, what colour indicates the presence of starch?
the iodine will change from orange to blue-black.
Photosynthesis is controlled by three environmental factors. name them
- light intensity
- availability of carbon
- dioxide and temperature
What name is given to a factor which is preventing any increase in photosynthesis?
limiting factor
limiting factor defenition
any factors which, when in short supply, affects the rate of reaction.
In order to make proteins from glucose, what other substance do plant cells need?
nitrate ions is needed. These are found in the soil.
What substance produced in photosynthesis is used in plants to make fats and oils?
The glucose
The glucose made in photosynthesis can be converted into fats and oils in the plant.
Plant cells store food in three main ways. what are they?
starch, fats and oils
chemical equation for photosynthesis
6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O (light energy) → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂
chemical equation for respiration
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + energy
Why is glucose unsuitable for storage in plants?
because it is soluble in water
this would draw in water, making it difficult for cells to store in large quantities without affecting cell structure and function.
plants in the dark for 24–48 hours receive no light. what happens to them
no light = no energy
they undergo a process called respiration where they break down stored starch to release energy.
eventually it removes starch from the plant
potentially leading to wilting or yellowing of leaves.
On a sunny summer day, what factor is likely to limit the rate of photosynthesis in plants?
carbon dioxide (CO₂) availability because the demand for CO₂ increases with light intensity.
Some plant cells contain oil droplets which stores…
food and energy
Plant cells may contain starch granules. The function of starch granules is to… what?
Starch granules provide a plant with a store of food. The starch can be converted into glucose.
In plants, nitrogen is absorbed in the form of __________.
nitrate ions
What product from photosynthesis is used to make cellulose?
glucose
Glucose is the product of photosynthesis that can be converted into the cellulose found in a plant’s cell walls.
what happens if a plant becomes deficient in nitrate ions?
it will be unable to make amino acids and proteins. This will result in stunted growth.
What product of photosynthesis is used to make starch?
glucose
The glucose made in photosynthesis is converted into starch in the leaves of plants.
By counting the number of bubbles released per minute, a student can measure the…
rate of photosynthesis
Light intensity follows the inverse square law. This means that when you double the distance between a plant and its source of light, the light intensity what?
reduces to 1/4
what does the inverse square law state?
The inverse square law states that “when you double the distance between a plant and its light source, the light intensity reduces by a quarter”.
When plants respire, what gas is released into the atmosphere?
carbon dioxide
True or false? Respiration releases energy.
true
Respiration releases energy which can be used to drive reactions.
when do plants respire
Plants are living organisms. They respire all day and all night.
Do all living things respire all the time?
All living organisms, including animals and green plants, respire continuously.
In which part of a cell does most aerobic respiration take place?
mitochondria which are found in the cytoplasm of the cell.
what are the two forms of respiration
Aerobic respiration and
Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
word equation for respiration
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
word equation for photosynthesis
Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
Name the micro-organism used to produce bread, beer and wine.
yeast
- a fungus
- a microorganism that is used in the production of bread, beer and wine.
what’s the chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast
Glucose → Ethanol + CarbonDioxide + Energy
what is Ethanol?
is an alcohol, is one of the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast.
What substance is removed from the air by living things for respiration?
Oxygen is removed from the air by living organisms during respiration.
What process occurs in plants which would cause water to form on the side of the glass?
respiration or transpiration
The plants are respiring and producing water which forms on the inside of the glass biome.
What variable affects fermentation
temperature
in aerobic respiration what are used up and released?
- Used up: Glucose and Oxygen
- Released: Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Energy
What type of respiration might occur if the oil layer is not there?
aerobic respiration since the oil prevents oxygen entering the tube containing the yeast cells.
Name the organism that is usually used to produce ethanol from plant material.
Yeast
The fermentation container is kept sealed during the production of beer to prevent the entry of what?
air and microorganisms
Name a type of food (not a drink) produced using yeast.
bread
what’s the word and symbol equation for anaerobic respiration?
In plants and yeast
Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2 C₂H₅OH + 2 CO₂
what’s the word and symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
what’s the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
In animals
Glucose → Lactic acid
C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₃H₆O
symbol equation for ethanol
C₂H₅OH
Does anaerobic respiration release more, less or the same amount of energy as aerobic respiration?
less
his is because it breaks down glucose without using oxygen, leading to a less efficient process
what’s a synapse?
the gap between two nerve cells (neurons). It allows signals to pass from one neuron to another using chemicals called neurotransmitters.
What happens to the heart rate during exercise? why
The heart rate increases during exercise, which allows it to pump blood around the body at a faster rate and get more blood to the muscles.
Name two of the substances that the blood supplies to the muscles during exercise
Oxygen
Glucose
Which nitrogen-containing substance is formed when amino acids are broken down?
Urea
Urea is produced by the breakdown of excess amino acids in the body. Some ammonia is also produced.
As a person increases the intensity of an exercise their…what…will increase (2)
- breathing rate
- heart rate
In a reflex action, where do sensory and relay neurones meet?
central nervous system
At a synapse, what is released by one neurone to cause an impulse in the other?
A chemical called a neurotransmitter
What substance is removed from muscles by the blood during exercise?
carbon dioxide
The waste gas carbon dioxide is removed from muscles by the blood during exercise.
what causes lactic acid
- when the muscles undergo anaerobic respiration
- when there isn’t enough oxygen available to meet the energy demands during high-intensity exercise.
During exercise the supply of what to the muscles increases?
oxygen and glucose
During anaerobic respiration in animals what is converted into Lactic acid
glucose
An athlete has just finished a 200m race. What chemical will be present at a higher level than normal in her muscles?
lactic acid
What happens to the lactic acid that builds up in muscles after exercise?
The lactic acid that builds up in our muscles following exercise is transported in our blood to our liver where it is converted back into glucose which is used in respiration.
In the processes of metabolism, energy from __________ is used to synthesise new molecules. What cellular process goes in the blank?
“respiration” or “cellular respiration”
In metabolism, the energy contained in sugar molecules is used in cellular respiration to synthesise new molecules.
why do Marathon runners control their breathing rate
to try to avoid anaerobic respiration taking place. This is because anaerobic respiration gives them a lot less energy than aerobic respiration.
