Bio - paper 2 Flashcards
define the term homeostasis
Homeostasis is the regulation of internal conditions to maintain a stable internal environment, despite external changes.
describe 3 internal conditions regulated in homeostasis
- blood glucose levels
- body temperature
- water balance
state 3 features of control systems (nervous/chemical responses)
- Receptors – Detect changes in the environment (stimuli).
- Coordination centres – Process information and decide responses (e.g., brain, spinal cord, pancreas).
- Effectors – Carry out responses (muscles or glands).
state the components of the Central Nervous System
The brain and spinal cord.
describe the role of the endocrine system
define a hormone and explain its function
state the role of the pituitary gland
compare nervous and endocrine system messages
describe blood glucose regulation
explain insulin’s function and diabetes types/treatment
explain glucagon’s role and negative feedback in blood sugar control
describe secondary sexual characteristics and their hormones
explain the menstrual cycle, ovulation, periods, and hormones
explain fertility drugs, IVF, and associated risks
explain thyroxine and adrenaline’s roles
identify gametes in animals and plants
explain meiosis and fertilisation
describe DNA structure and the genome
explain DNA’s role in inheritance
define genes, alleles, and genetic terminology
explain the Human Genome Project
evaluate genetic screening
explain how phenotype is influenced by genes and environment
define variation and explain mutation effects
define and explain evolution and natural selection
describe selective breeding and its risks/benefits
define genetic engineering and its applications
describe GM crops and the genetic engineering process
explain fossil formation and the fossil record
