Neuropathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the axonal reaction?

A

A reaction within the cell body that is associated with axonal injury

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2
Q

What type of gliial cells are most associated with a reaction to neuronal injury?

A

Astrocytes

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3
Q

What cellular process is the most important histopathological indicator of CNS injury?

A

Gliosis (Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy of the astrocytes)

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4
Q

With these symptoms what artery is blocked:

  • Frontal lobe dysfunction
  • Contralateral sensory loss in foot & leg
  • Paresis of arm & foot, relative sparing of thigh & face
A

Anterior cerebral

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5
Q

Where is the most common place in the brain to see chronic multiple sclerosis plaques?

A

Around the lateral ventricles

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6
Q

On autopsy of a patient with MS you see a yellow plaque will an ill defined edge. Was this an acute or chronic MS plaque?

A

Acute

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7
Q

On autopsy of a patient with MS you see well defined brown lesion in the white matter. Was this an acute or chronic MS plaque?

A

Chronic

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8
Q

In what parts of the brain do you see macroscopic changes in dementia? And which parts are spared?

A
  • Frontal, parietal and temporal lobes affected

- Brainstem and cerebellum normal

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9
Q

List the macroscopic changes seen in a brain with dementia

A
  • Cortical atrophy (decreased size and weight of the brain)
  • Widening of sulci
  • Narrowing of gyri
  • Ventricular dilatation
    (in frontal, temporal and parietal lobes)
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10
Q

What microscopic changes do you see in the brain of a patient with dementia?

A

Intracytoplasmic neurofibrillary tangles
Beta amyloid plaques
Amyloid angiopathy
Extensive neuronal loss with astrocytosis

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11
Q

What type of cells make up amyloid?

A

Eosinophils

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12
Q

What makes up the neurofibrillary tangles?

A

Tau protein

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13
Q

What are the pathological findings on brain autopsy in lewy body dementia?

A
  • Degeneration of the substantia nigra
  • Lewey bodies in remaining nerve cells
  • Cortical degeneration as seen in alzheimers
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14
Q

If you are looking for lewy bodies on autopsy what protein do you stain for?

A

Ubiquitin

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15
Q

Where are the neurons lost from in huntingtons disease?

A

Caudate nucleus

and cerebral cortex

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16
Q

What is the pathological hallmark of Picks disease?

A

Picks cells which are swollen neurones and intracytoplasmic build up of tau protein (picks bodies)

17
Q

What brain lobes are affected in Picks disease?

A

Frontal and temporal

18
Q

In which type of dementia are people most aware of their mental deficits and most prone to depression and anxiety?

A

Multi infarct dementia

19
Q

Which type of dementia tends to progress in a stepwise progression?

A

Multi infarct dementia

20
Q

What is the normal volume of CSF in the brain?

A

120 - 150ml

21
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexus in the lateral and fourth ventricles of the brain

22
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed?

A

Arachnoid granulations

23
Q

What is non communicating hydrocephalus?

A

An obstruction to the flow of CSF occuring within the ventricular system

24
Q

What is communicating hydrocephalus?

A

Obstruction to the flow of CSF outside of the ventricular system

25
Q

What is the most common brain tumour of adults?

A

Glioblastoma