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ADELE-Noodles of Neurology > Neurons > Flashcards

Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

Dendrites are used for —– distance communication with ——– neurones

A

Dendrites are used for short distance communication with adjacent neurones

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2
Q

Dendrites conduct information ——- the cell body

A

dendrites conduct information towards the cell body

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3
Q

True or false? Axon is the longest connector that communicates with other neurones/effectors

A

TRUE

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4
Q

Which is the most common type of neuron?

A

Multipolar

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5
Q

What type of neurone are all motor neurones of skeletal muscle and ANS?

A

Multipolar

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6
Q

With multipolar the cell body is the the —

A

CNS

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7
Q

With unipolar the cell body is in the —

A

PNS

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8
Q

A collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS is called what?

A

a Nucleus

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9
Q

A collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS is called what?

A

a Ganglion

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10
Q

Myelin sheath in the CNS is made of what?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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11
Q

Myelin sheath in the PNS is made of what?

A

Schwann cells

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12
Q

What are the causes of nervous system injury?

A
  1. Hypoxia
  2. Trauma
  3. Toxic insult
  4. Metabolic abnormalities
  5. Nutritional deficiencies
  6. Infections
  7. Genetic abnormalities
  8. Ageing
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13
Q

What percentage of the body resting oxygen consumption is the brain?

A

20%

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14
Q

Central blood flow can increase only ——- to maintain oxygen delivery

A

twofold

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15
Q

In what situation does excitotoxicity occur?

A

Hypoxia (but also other acute neuronal injury events)

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16
Q

What is excitotoxicity?

A
  1. Large accumulation of glutamate in synaptic space
  2. Glutamate and oxygen free radical formation bring about calcium input
  3. This triggers protease activation, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
17
Q

What is cytotoxic oedema?

A

Na+ and Cl- move into cells and take water with them
This does not cause swelling (as just shifting from extracellular to intracellular) but it does enhance ionic and vasogenic oedema

18
Q

What are the 3 situations that ionic oedema occurs due to?

A

Cytotoxic Oedema
Hyponatraemia
Excess water intake e.g. SIADH

19
Q

What is ionic oedema?

A

Na+ crosses BBB, drives ion transport, creates osmotic gradient for H20. SWELLING

20
Q

When does vasogenic oedema occur?

A

Trauma, Tumours, Inflammation, Infection and hypertensive encephalopathy

21
Q

What is vasogenic oedema?

A

Disruption of endothelial tight junctions
Plasma proteins e.g. albumin cross into extracellular space (H20 follows)
Disruption not severe enough to allow passage of RBC’s

22
Q

Give an example of a potent osmotic factor

A

albumin

23
Q

What is haemorrhage conversion?

A

Occurs when endothelial integrity is completely lost

Blood can enter extracellular space

24
Q

In what percentage of ischaemic strokes does haemorrhage conversion occur?

A

30-40%

25
Q

What are the two responses to damage to nerve cells?

A

Rapid necrosis

Slow atrophy

26
Q

What is an example of when rapid necrosis occurs?

A

Stroke

27
Q

What is an example of where slow atrophy occurs?

A

Age-related cerebral atrophy

28
Q

What does red neurones represent?

A

A lethal injury to the neuron

29
Q

When does red neuron become visible?

A

12-24h after an irreversible “insult” to the cell

30
Q

What is the pattern of acute neuronal injury?

A

Shrinking and angulation of the nuclei
Loss of the nucleus
Intensity of the red cytoplasm

31
Q

What are the 3 axonal reactions to injury/disease?

A

Increased protein synthesis
Chromatolysis
Degeneration of axon/myelin sheath distal to injury

32
Q

3 examples of when you get inclusions (i.e. sub cellar alterations)

A
  1. Accumulate with age
  2. Viral infections affecting the brain
  3. Neurodegenerative disorders
33
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles appear in which neurodegenerative condition?

A

Alzheimers disease

ADELE-Noodles of Neurology (38 decks)

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