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ADELE-Noodles of Neurology > Anatomy of the brain > Flashcards

Anatomy of the brain Flashcards

1
Q

In the brain the white mater is on the inside- true to false?

A

True

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2
Q

What is the shape of the grey mater in the spinal cord?

A

H shaped

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3
Q

What is in white matter?

A

Axons and their support cells

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4
Q

What is in grey matter?

A

Neuron cell bodies

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5
Q

What do association fibres connect?

A

Cortical sites lying in the same hemisphere

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6
Q

What do commissural fibres connect?

A

One hemisphere to another, usually areas with similar function

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7
Q

Give an example of a commissural fibre

A

Corpus collosum

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8
Q

What do projection fibres connect hemispheres to?

A

deeper structures (inc thalamus, corpus striatum, brainstem and spinal cord)

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9
Q

The anterior and posterior brain is divided by the ——- sulcus

A

central

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10
Q

The front/parietal lobe is divided from the temporal lobe by the…

A

Lateral sulcus

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11
Q

Longitudinal fissures separate the — ———-

A

two hemispheres

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12
Q

Precentral gyrus is the primary —– cortex

A

MOTOR

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13
Q

Postcentral gyrus is the primary ——- cortex

A

SOMATOSENSORY

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14
Q

Where is the gustatory area located

A

Postcentral gyrus

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15
Q

CNIV palsy is often caused by…

A

Congenital, trauma

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16
Q

CNIII palsy is often caused by…

A

Compression (aneurysm-posterior communicating artery, herniation)
Inadequate blood flow

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17
Q

CNVI palsy is often caused by…

A

Microvascular (diabetes)

^ICP

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18
Q

TRUE/FALSE

For some higher functions of the brain one hemisphere is dominant

A

TRUE

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19
Q

What is dominance high for?

A

Language

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20
Q

Mechanically behaves like a fluid and a solid

A

Viscoelastic

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21
Q

The CSF supports the brain- ——- buoyancy

A

neutral buoyancy

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22
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A 
S- Skin
C-Connective tissue (contains the named arteries of the scalp)
A- Aponeurosis 
L-Loose connective tissue
P-Pericardium
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23
Q

What does the aponeurosis(Tendinous layer) do?

A

Holds open lacerations and rich tissue supply hence heavy bleeding

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24
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The outer membrane of a bone, responsible for bone formation. Thin membranous layer that is found on the surface of all bones.

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25
What is the name of the thinnest part of the skull?
Pterion
26
What is the shape of the pterion?
H shaped suture
27
What is the bony structure directly above the middle meningeal artery?
Pterion
28
What are sutures?
Fibrous joints that help prevent skull fractures from spreading (minimise propagation)
29
What are the 3 fossa of the skull?
Anterior Middle Posterior
30
What are the meninges?
Protective covering over the brain and the spinal cord
31
Which layer of the dura lies closest to the skull and vertebrae?
Dura
32
What is the nerve supply to the DURA?
Afferent fibres of trigeminal (CNV) and upper cervical nerves
33
What are the two sublayers of the Dura?
Periosteal layer | Meningeal layer
34
Describe the arachnoid layer of the meninges?
Thin, membrane-like, arachnoid granulations
35
What do arachnoid granulations do?
Reabsorb CSF
36
What does the PIA layer of the meninges envelop?
Spinal cord and the brain
37
What is the name of the tough sheet of dura matter forming a roof over the pituitary fossa which sit in the sella turnica?
Diaphragm sell
38
What is the name of the tough sheet of dura matter tenting over the cerebellum?
Tentorium cerebellum
39
Where does the tentorium cerebellum attach?
To the ridges of the petrous temporal bones
40
What midline structure made of dura matter that attaches to the deep aspect of the skull separates the R + L tentorium cerebelli?
Flax cerebri
41
What is the cochlea filled with?
Perilymph
42
What is the chemical composition of perilymph?
High in Na+, low in K
43
If hearing in completely lost what is the most likely diagnosis?
Stenosis in bones in the ear
44
All sensory information has to pass through the thalamus, what is the exception?
Smell
45
What are the two important uncle in sound localisation?
Superior olivary nucleus | Nucleus of lateral leminiscus
46
What is the name of the organisation that is present in the auditory cortex?
tonotopic
47
In the auditory cortex where does the low frequency sound end up?
Anterolateral part
48
In the auditory cortex where does the high frequency sound end up?
Posteromedial part
49
If Broca's area is damaged what is the result?
Expressive dysphagia
50
Where is Broca's area located?
Frontal lobe
51
Where is wernickes area located?
Temporal lobe
52
Wernickes area if damaged will lead to what?
Receptive dysphagia
53
What does receptive dysphagia look like?
Difficulty comprehending language and words out of order/meaningless
54
TRUE/FALSE Projection of vestibular information onto cerebral Cortex is unilateral
FALSE- bilateral
55
Where is the primary vestibular cortex?
Ahh PSYCH! There is no agreed upon region of the brain that is activated exclusively by vestibular stimulation
56
Which 3 areas have vestibular information converge there?
1. Area of parietal cortex (posterior to post central gyrus) 2. Infront of the primary auditory cortex 3. Posterior insula cortex
57
Due to the lens how are objects projected onto the retina?
Reversed and upside down
58
TRUE/FALSE Optic tract always sees the ipsilateral visual fields
FALSE- Optic tract always sees the opposite visual field from both sides
59
The lower visual field is projected to gyrus...
gyrus superior to the calcimine sulcus
60
The upper visual field projects to the gyrus...
gyrus inferior to the calcimine sulcus
61
What is the name of the group of fibres that loop anteriorly round the temporal part of the lateral ventricle before ending below calcarine sulcus
Meyers loop
62
What part of the brain controls tracking movement?
Visual cortex in response to stimuli
63
TRUE/FALSE Tracking movement tends to be saccadic?
FALSE- it is a smooth movement
64
Frontal eye fields are in charge of what types of movement?
Movements of control
65
Movements of control are independent of moving stimulus. TRUE/FALSE
TRUE
66
Edinger-Westphal nucleus is a parasympathetic pre ganglionic nucleus. What 2 things does it innervate?
Iris sphincter muscle | Ciliary muscles
67
What two things does the accommodation reflex require input from?
Oculomotor | Edinger-Westphal nucleus
68
What two things can go wrong within the cranial cavity/
Herniations | Haemorrhage
69
What are the two broad categories of herniation
Infratentorial herniation | Supratentorial herniation
70
What are the two types of infratentorial herniation?
Upward--> Cerebellar up over tentorium cerebelli | Downward--> Cerebellar tonsils herniate into foramen magnum
71
What is a downward herniation also known as?
Tonsilar herniation
72
What are the 4 types of supratentorial herniation?
Cingulate Central Uncal Transcalvarial
73
What two things happen as a result of an uncal herniation?
Compression of the oculomotor nerve (CNIII) | Complete obliteration of supra cellar cistern
74
What is the name of the area where there is potential for venous spread of infection from superficial to deep veins
Danger triangle
75
Why is the danger triangle aptly named?
The veins have much thicker walls so will not collapse like other veins but stay open and do not have valves so that bacteria can travel unhindered through ophthalmic veins back to cavernous sinus
76
Where do cerebral veins drain?
Dural venous sinus
77
Where do dural venous sinus drain?
Confluence of sinuses
78
Where is blood directed after the confluence of sinus
Sigmoid sinus
79
What does the sigmoid sinus drain into at the jugular foramen?
internal jugular vein
80
Circle of willis is inferior to the midbrain TRUE/FALSE
TRUE
81
The BBB is a physical barrier that restricts the movement of molecules TRUE/FALSE
FALSE- Not a physical barrier but a series of different transport system facilitating or restricting the movement of molecules
82
What are the tree layers of the cerebral cortex?
Molecular layer Purkinje cell layer Granule cell layer
83
The molecular layer of the cerebral Cortex contains many cells TRUE/FALSE
FALSE- It contains almost no cells, made of molecules, huge numbers of synapses between cell processes
84
Granule cell layer contains --% of neurones
50%

ADELE-Noodles of Neurology (38 decks)

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