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ADELE-Noodles of Neurology > Anatomy of the brain > Flashcards

Anatomy of the brain Flashcards

1
Q

In the brain the white mater is on the inside- true to false?

A

True

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2
Q

What is the shape of the grey mater in the spinal cord?

A

H shaped

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3
Q

What is in white matter?

A

Axons and their support cells

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4
Q

What is in grey matter?

A

Neuron cell bodies

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5
Q

What do association fibres connect?

A

Cortical sites lying in the same hemisphere

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6
Q

What do commissural fibres connect?

A

One hemisphere to another, usually areas with similar function

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7
Q

Give an example of a commissural fibre

A

Corpus collosum

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8
Q

What do projection fibres connect hemispheres to?

A

deeper structures (inc thalamus, corpus striatum, brainstem and spinal cord)

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9
Q

The anterior and posterior brain is divided by the ——- sulcus

A

central

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10
Q

The front/parietal lobe is divided from the temporal lobe by the…

A

Lateral sulcus

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11
Q

Longitudinal fissures separate the — ———-

A

two hemispheres

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12
Q

Precentral gyrus is the primary —– cortex

A

MOTOR

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13
Q

Postcentral gyrus is the primary ——- cortex

A

SOMATOSENSORY

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14
Q

Where is the gustatory area located

A

Postcentral gyrus

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15
Q

CNIV palsy is often caused by…

A

Congenital, trauma

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16
Q

CNIII palsy is often caused by…

A

Compression (aneurysm-posterior communicating artery, herniation)
Inadequate blood flow

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17
Q

CNVI palsy is often caused by…

A

Microvascular (diabetes)

^ICP

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18
Q

TRUE/FALSE

For some higher functions of the brain one hemisphere is dominant

A

TRUE

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19
Q

What is dominance high for?

A

Language

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20
Q

Mechanically behaves like a fluid and a solid

A

Viscoelastic

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21
Q

The CSF supports the brain- ——- buoyancy

A

neutral buoyancy

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22
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A 
S- Skin
C-Connective tissue (contains the named arteries of the scalp)
A- Aponeurosis 
L-Loose connective tissue
P-Pericardium
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23
Q

What does the aponeurosis(Tendinous layer) do?

A

Holds open lacerations and rich tissue supply hence heavy bleeding

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24
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The outer membrane of a bone, responsible for bone formation. Thin membranous layer that is found on the surface of all bones.

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25
Q

What is the name of the thinnest part of the skull?

A

Pterion

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26
Q

What is the shape of the pterion?

A

H shaped suture

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27
Q

What is the bony structure directly above the middle meningeal artery?

A

Pterion

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28
Q

What are sutures?

A

Fibrous joints that help prevent skull fractures from spreading (minimise propagation)

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29
Q

What are the 3 fossa of the skull?

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

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30
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Protective covering over the brain and the spinal cord

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31
Q

Which layer of the dura lies closest to the skull and vertebrae?

A

Dura

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32
Q

What is the nerve supply to the DURA?

A

Afferent fibres of trigeminal (CNV) and upper cervical nerves

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33
Q

What are the two sublayers of the Dura?

A

Periosteal layer

Meningeal layer

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34
Q

Describe the arachnoid layer of the meninges?

A

Thin, membrane-like, arachnoid granulations

35
Q

What do arachnoid granulations do?

A

Reabsorb CSF

36
Q

What does the PIA layer of the meninges envelop?

A

Spinal cord and the brain

37
Q

What is the name of the tough sheet of dura matter forming a roof over the pituitary fossa which sit in the sella turnica?

A

Diaphragm sell

38
Q

What is the name of the tough sheet of dura matter tenting over the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebellum

39
Q

Where does the tentorium cerebellum attach?

A

To the ridges of the petrous temporal bones

40
Q

What midline structure made of dura matter that attaches to the deep aspect of the skull separates the R + L tentorium cerebelli?

A

Flax cerebri

41
Q

What is the cochlea filled with?

A

Perilymph

42
Q

What is the chemical composition of perilymph?

A

High in Na+, low in K

43
Q

If hearing in completely lost what is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Stenosis in bones in the ear

44
Q

All sensory information has to pass through the thalamus, what is the exception?

A

Smell

45
Q

What are the two important uncle in sound localisation?

A

Superior olivary nucleus

Nucleus of lateral leminiscus

46
Q

What is the name of the organisation that is present in the auditory cortex?

A

tonotopic

47
Q

In the auditory cortex where does the low frequency sound end up?

A

Anterolateral part

48
Q

In the auditory cortex where does the high frequency sound end up?

A

Posteromedial part

49
Q

If Broca’s area is damaged what is the result?

A

Expressive dysphagia

50
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Frontal lobe

51
Q

Where is wernickes area located?

A

Temporal lobe

52
Q

Wernickes area if damaged will lead to what?

A

Receptive dysphagia

53
Q

What does receptive dysphagia look like?

A

Difficulty comprehending language and words out of order/meaningless

54
Q

TRUE/FALSE Projection of vestibular information onto cerebral Cortex is unilateral

A

FALSE- bilateral

55
Q

Where is the primary vestibular cortex?

A

Ahh PSYCH! There is no agreed upon region of the brain that is activated exclusively by vestibular stimulation

56
Q

Which 3 areas have vestibular information converge there?

A
  1. Area of parietal cortex (posterior to post central gyrus)
  2. Infront of the primary auditory cortex
  3. Posterior insula cortex
57
Q

Due to the lens how are objects projected onto the retina?

A

Reversed and upside down

58
Q

TRUE/FALSE Optic tract always sees the ipsilateral visual fields

A

FALSE- Optic tract always sees the opposite visual field from both sides

59
Q

The lower visual field is projected to gyrus…

A

gyrus superior to the calcimine sulcus

60
Q

The upper visual field projects to the gyrus…

A

gyrus inferior to the calcimine sulcus

61
Q

What is the name of the group of fibres that loop anteriorly round the temporal part of the lateral ventricle before ending below calcarine sulcus

A

Meyers loop

62
Q

What part of the brain controls tracking movement?

A

Visual cortex in response to stimuli

63
Q

TRUE/FALSE Tracking movement tends to be saccadic?

A

FALSE- it is a smooth movement

64
Q

Frontal eye fields are in charge of what types of movement?

A

Movements of control

65
Q

Movements of control are independent of moving stimulus. TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

66
Q

Edinger-Westphal nucleus is a parasympathetic pre ganglionic nucleus. What 2 things does it innervate?

A

Iris sphincter muscle

Ciliary muscles

67
Q

What two things does the accommodation reflex require input from?

A

Oculomotor

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

68
Q

What two things can go wrong within the cranial cavity/

A

Herniations

Haemorrhage

69
Q

What are the two broad categories of herniation

A

Infratentorial herniation

Supratentorial herniation

70
Q

What are the two types of infratentorial herniation?

A

Upward–> Cerebellar up over tentorium cerebelli

Downward–> Cerebellar tonsils herniate into foramen magnum

71
Q

What is a downward herniation also known as?

A

Tonsilar herniation

72
Q

What are the 4 types of supratentorial herniation?

A

Cingulate
Central
Uncal
Transcalvarial

73
Q

What two things happen as a result of an uncal herniation?

A

Compression of the oculomotor nerve (CNIII)

Complete obliteration of supra cellar cistern

74
Q

What is the name of the area where there is potential for venous spread of infection from superficial to deep veins

A

Danger triangle

75
Q

Why is the danger triangle aptly named?

A

The veins have much thicker walls so will not collapse like other veins but stay open and do not have valves so that bacteria can travel unhindered through ophthalmic veins back to cavernous sinus

76
Q

Where do cerebral veins drain?

A

Dural venous sinus

77
Q

Where do dural venous sinus drain?

A

Confluence of sinuses

78
Q

Where is blood directed after the confluence of sinus

A

Sigmoid sinus

79
Q

What does the sigmoid sinus drain into at the jugular foramen?

A

internal jugular vein

80
Q

Circle of willis is inferior to the midbrain TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

81
Q

The BBB is a physical barrier that restricts the movement of molecules TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE- Not a physical barrier but a series of different transport system facilitating or restricting the movement of molecules

82
Q

What are the tree layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

Molecular layer
Purkinje cell layer
Granule cell layer

83
Q

The molecular layer of the cerebral Cortex contains many cells TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE- It contains almost no cells, made of molecules, huge numbers of synapses between cell processes

84
Q

Granule cell layer contains –% of neurones

A

50%

ADELE-Noodles of Neurology (38 decks)

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