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Communication Development and Language Science > Neurological Bases of Speech and Language > Flashcards

Neurological Bases of Speech and Language Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

study of manner and location of linguistic processing

A

Neurolinguistics

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2
Q

basic unit of nervous system

A

neuron

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3
Q

3 parts of neuron

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Soma
  3. Axon
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4
Q

this part of a neuron transmits signals away from body

A

axon

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5
Q

this part of a neuron receives information

A

dendrites

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6
Q

neurons connect here

A

synapse

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7
Q

Three types of brain functions

A

1) regulation
2) processing
3) formulation

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8
Q

Two types of nervous system and their body parts

A
  1. Central (CNS) - brain and spinal cord
  2. Peripheral (PNS) - cranial nerves and spinal nerves
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9
Q

What is the meninges

A

3 layers of connective tissue surrounding brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

3 parts of brainstem from superior to inferior

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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11
Q

this part of the brain sorts and directs most sensory info to the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

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12
Q

part of the brain that influences language processing and higher-level cognitive and emotional functions

A

cerebellum

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13
Q

outer layer of cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex

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14
Q

bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

corpus callosum

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15
Q

posterior part of frontal lobe responsible for motor movement

A

Motor cortex

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16
Q

brain activity that involves analysis, coding and storage

A

Processing

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17
Q

what brain function is responsible for planning?

A

formulation

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18
Q

collection of neurons

A

Nerve

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19
Q

What are the primary functions of the brainstem?

A

-regulates visceral activities
-control of reflexes
-pathway for communication btwn brain and spinal column

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20
Q

compact unit of neurons within the brain stem, job is to filter certain sensory info as important or not

A

Reticular formation

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21
Q

This type of matter is composed of dendrites, somas, and proximal parts of axons

A

gray

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22
Q

this type of matter is composed of spinal tracts and myelinated axons

A

white

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23
Q

this part of the brain links endocrine and nervous systems, helping with heart rate, gland secretion and sleep

A

hypothalamus

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24
Q

part of brain that is the “center for respiration”

A

Medulla oblongata

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25
Q

Spinal cord has 4 regions

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Spinal nerves (afferent and efferent)

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26
Q

Two subdivisions of PNS

A

Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)

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27
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic division - active during fight/flight
Parasympathetic division - active under rest and digest

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28
Q

what are three things the “regulation” part of the brain does?

A

1) maintains basic levels of awareness and responsiveness
2) aids in processing and formulation functions
3) monitors and adjust behaviors for good performance

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29
Q

where is the processing part of brain?

A

posterior cortex

30
Q

what are three things the “processing” part of the brain does?

A

1) Info analysis, coding and storage
2) Processes sensory stimuli
3) Combines info from different sensory sources for analysis and synthesis

31
Q

In a conversation, what is the role of the “regulation” part of the brain?

A

Keep the machine on

32
Q

In a conversation, what is the role of the “processing” part of the brain?

A

Take in and process stimuli

33
Q

where is the “formulation” part of the brain?

A

frontal lobe

34
Q

what are three tasks that the “formulation” part of the brain does?

A

1) form intentions and programs for behavior → aka planner
2) Activating attention
3) Planning and coordinating motor behaviors

35
Q

R and L hemispheres of brain communicate via

A

corpus callosum

36
Q

when both hemispheres are active in a task but most of the task is in one, we say that hemisphere is the _____ hemisphere for that task

A

dominant

37
Q

For 98% of people, language processing happens primarily in the ___ hemisphere

A

left

38
Q

This hemisphere of the brain is dominant in language processing (oral, visual and written), and processing rapidly changing sounds

A

left

39
Q

This hemisphere of the brain is dominant in the pragmatic and metaphorical aspects of language

A

right

40
Q

this hemisphere of the brain is dominant in logical reasoning

A

left

41
Q

this hemisphere of the brain is dominant in the depth and orientation of space in visuals

A

right

42
Q

in the first two years of life, the brain ___ in weight

A

triples

43
Q

brain reaches adult weight by age ___

A

12

44
Q

female brains can mature faster than male brains in childhood because of the influence of ___

A

sex-hormones

45
Q

In the brain, the number of neurons stays the name, but processing gets faster due to ___ over time

A

myelination

46
Q

___ determine wiring of your brain, ___ strengthens synaptic activity

A

genes; experience

47
Q

Phonological processing begins in this part of the brain

A

Heschel’s area

48
Q

This area of the brain is the second stop for processing phonological information

A

Broca’s area

49
Q

This part of the brain begins the processing of syntax, processing discrete units like sentences

A

Broca’s area

50
Q

This part of the brain does linguistic analysis and completes phonological and syntactic analysis

A

Wernicke’s

51
Q

These parts of the brain assist auditory processing by incorporating visual, other auditory and tactile input

A

angular and supramarginal gryi

52
Q

This part of the brain programs the motor functions of speech

A

Broca’s area

53
Q

This part of the brain is responsible for coming up with the underlying structure of speech

A

Wernicke’s area

54
Q

This white fibrous tract connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area, important esp in producing sound

A

arcuate fasciculus

55
Q

what does the information processing model state?

A

SKILL CHECK

Brain processes using cognitive processes like attention, perception, organization, memory, concept formation, attention, problem solving and transfer, management or executive function

56
Q

Top-down and bottom-up processing is useful when we think about ___

A

anticipating what comes next in a sentences (autofilling)

57
Q

This allocates and coordinate mental resources, determines cognitive strategies and activities needed, monitors feedback and outcomes, and reallocates resources

A

executive function

58
Q

which part of the brain monitors motor and non-motor functions as well as houses executive functioning?

A

cerebellum

59
Q

The PNS has ____ cranial nerves and __ spinal nerves

A

12, 31

60
Q

two important aspects of brain maturation

A

weight; organization

61
Q

In the information processing model, what is orientation?

A

ability to sustain attention over time

62
Q

In the information processing model, what is reaction?

A

amount of time it takes to respond to stimulus

63
Q

what are the five parts of the information processing model?

A

1) attention
2) discrimination
3) organization
4) memory
5) retrieval

64
Q

the the information processing model, what are the two subdivisions of attention?

A

orientation and reaction

65
Q

which sulcus separates the frontal from parietal lobes?

A

central sulcus

66
Q

in this info processing model, you start with deriving meaning, then predict what comes next

A

top-down

67
Q

in this info processing model, information is analyzed in fragments until a pattern is found

A

passive

68
Q

in this info processing model, a person analyzes a sample right away by comparing to a previous model

A

active

69
Q

in this info processing model, the brain processes information linearly, one section after another

A

serial

70
Q

in this info processing model, different parts of the brain are analyzing information at different levels at the same time

A

parallel

Communication Development and Language Science (14 decks)

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