Neurological Bases of Speech and Language Flashcards
study of manner and location of linguistic processing
Neurolinguistics
basic unit of nervous system
neuron
3 parts of neuron
- Dendrites
- Soma
- Axon
this part of a neuron transmits signals away from body
axon
this part of a neuron receives information
dendrites
neurons connect here
synapse
Three types of brain functions
1) regulation
2) processing
3) formulation
Two types of nervous system and their body parts
- Central (CNS) - brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral (PNS) - cranial nerves and spinal nerves
What is the meninges
3 layers of connective tissue surrounding brain and spinal cord
3 parts of brainstem from superior to inferior
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
this part of the brain sorts and directs most sensory info to the cerebral cortex
thalamus
part of the brain that influences language processing and higher-level cognitive and emotional functions
cerebellum
outer layer of cerebrum
cerebral cortex
bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
corpus callosum
posterior part of frontal lobe responsible for motor movement
Motor cortex
brain activity that involves analysis, coding and storage
Processing
what brain function is responsible for planning?
formulation
collection of neurons
Nerve
What are the primary functions of the brainstem?
-regulates visceral activities
-control of reflexes
-pathway for communication btwn brain and spinal column
compact unit of neurons within the brain stem, job is to filter certain sensory info as important or not
Reticular formation
This type of matter is composed of dendrites, somas, and proximal parts of axons
gray
this type of matter is composed of spinal tracts and myelinated axons
white
this part of the brain links endocrine and nervous systems, helping with heart rate, gland secretion and sleep
hypothalamus
part of brain that is the “center for respiration”
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord has 4 regions
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Spinal nerves (afferent and efferent)
Two subdivisions of PNS
Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
What are the two divisions of the ANS?
Sympathetic division - active during fight/flight
Parasympathetic division - active under rest and digest
what are three things the “regulation” part of the brain does?
1) maintains basic levels of awareness and responsiveness
2) aids in processing and formulation functions
3) monitors and adjust behaviors for good performance
where is the processing part of brain?
posterior cortex
what are three things the “processing” part of the brain does?
1) Info analysis, coding and storage
2) Processes sensory stimuli
3) Combines info from different sensory sources for analysis and synthesis
In a conversation, what is the role of the “regulation” part of the brain?
Keep the machine on
In a conversation, what is the role of the “processing” part of the brain?
Take in and process stimuli
where is the “formulation” part of the brain?
frontal lobe
what are three tasks that the “formulation” part of the brain does?
1) form intentions and programs for behavior → aka planner
2) Activating attention
3) Planning and coordinating motor behaviors
R and L hemispheres of brain communicate via
corpus callosum
when both hemispheres are active in a task but most of the task is in one, we say that hemisphere is the _____ hemisphere for that task
dominant
For 98% of people, language processing happens primarily in the ___ hemisphere
left
This hemisphere of the brain is dominant in language processing (oral, visual and written), and processing rapidly changing sounds
left
This hemisphere of the brain is dominant in the pragmatic and metaphorical aspects of language
right
this hemisphere of the brain is dominant in logical reasoning
left
this hemisphere of the brain is dominant in the depth and orientation of space in visuals
right
in the first two years of life, the brain ___ in weight
triples
brain reaches adult weight by age ___
12
female brains can mature faster than male brains in childhood because of the influence of ___
sex-hormones
In the brain, the number of neurons stays the name, but processing gets faster due to ___ over time
myelination
___ determine wiring of your brain, ___ strengthens synaptic activity
genes; experience
Phonological processing begins in this part of the brain
Heschel’s area
This area of the brain is the second stop for processing phonological information
Broca’s area
This part of the brain begins the processing of syntax, processing discrete units like sentences
Broca’s area
This part of the brain does linguistic analysis and completes phonological and syntactic analysis
Wernicke’s
These parts of the brain assist auditory processing by incorporating visual, other auditory and tactile input
angular and supramarginal gryi
This part of the brain programs the motor functions of speech
Broca’s area
This part of the brain is responsible for coming up with the underlying structure of speech
Wernicke’s area
This white fibrous tract connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area, important esp in producing sound
arcuate fasciculus
what does the information processing model state?
SKILL CHECK
Brain processes using cognitive processes like attention, perception, organization, memory, concept formation, attention, problem solving and transfer, management or executive function
Top-down and bottom-up processing is useful when we think about ___
anticipating what comes next in a sentences (autofilling)
This allocates and coordinate mental resources, determines cognitive strategies and activities needed, monitors feedback and outcomes, and reallocates resources
executive function
which part of the brain monitors motor and non-motor functions as well as houses executive functioning?
cerebellum
The PNS has ____ cranial nerves and __ spinal nerves
12, 31
two important aspects of brain maturation
weight; organization
In the information processing model, what is orientation?
ability to sustain attention over time
In the information processing model, what is reaction?
amount of time it takes to respond to stimulus
what are the five parts of the information processing model?
1) attention
2) discrimination
3) organization
4) memory
5) retrieval
the the information processing model, what are the two subdivisions of attention?
orientation and reaction
which sulcus separates the frontal from parietal lobes?
central sulcus
in this info processing model, you start with deriving meaning, then predict what comes next
top-down
in this info processing model, information is analyzed in fragments until a pattern is found
passive
in this info processing model, a person analyzes a sample right away by comparing to a previous model
active
in this info processing model, the brain processes information linearly, one section after another
serial
in this info processing model, different parts of the brain are analyzing information at different levels at the same time
parallel
