Kindergarten - Adulthood Flashcards
All components continue to development during elementary years, but ___ and ___ grow most
pragmatics
Semantics
Two cognitive processes that help early school children with pragmatics
nonegocentricism
decentration
cognitive process that grants ability to describe objects/events through multiple dimensions
decentration
cognitive process that grants ability to take another person’s perspective
Nonegocentricism
What are four ways early elementary school kids are better at storytelling than preschool kids?
1) Increased awareness of structure and needs of audience
2) Using causal coherence = X happened because of Y, etc
3) Provide beginning, a problem, plan to overcome problem, and resolution
4) Decontextualize = setting up a story
four types of stories told by early school-aged kids
1) recount (adult-driven)
2) eventcast
3) accounts (child-driven)
4) stories
What are five traits often seen in early-school-aged children’s stories?
1) Overt marking of changes in time and place
2) Introduction (characters, setting)
3) Deets on motivation and internal reactions
4) Complexity of episode structure
5) Loose-ends more tied-up than preschoolers
narrative framework and internal structure of a story is called
story grammar
What are the 7 components of story grammar?
SIIIACC
1) setting statement
2) initiating event
3) internal response
4) internal plan (not always included in young kid’s stories)
5) attempt
6) consequence
7) character’s reaction
Which story grammar component provides the exposition for the story?
setting statement
Which story grammar component refers to the first thing that happens?
initiating event
what is the last component of story grammar?
character’s reaction
Elementary school kids with more linguistic proficiency repair communication breakdowns by __
offering more info
Early school-age kids start to use different speaking styles with different ___
groups of people
Elementary-school kids can do these three things with topics within a conversation
1) introduce
2) sustain
3) switch
Children can start to have a sustained conversation about an abstract topic at age __
11
asking for something by not asking for it outright (ie it sure is hot today = request for ice cream)
Indirect request
As children get older, their use of ___ requests increases
indirect
Elementary-aged kids start to use deictic words (otherwise known as __ and __)
here; there
What are four ways vocab changes for elementary schoolers?
-Grows
-Word definitions and relationships better
-Better precision
-Understand words with multiple meanings
Children’s definitions start to look like adult definitions around age __
11
Elementary kids gradually get better and learning new things without the use of ___, or by using __ __
context; context clues
concept organization goes from __ to __ with age
concrete; abstract
two types of concept organization
taxonomic and thematic
categorization based on common essence
Taxonomic
categorization of things bound together by an event
Thematic
Four different ways elementary school children increase vocab:
1) chunking
2) semantic relationships
3) hierarchical structure
4) neural networks
In elementary school, linguistic processing shift is reliance from ___ to ___ strategies
surface; deep
linguistic level of processing with syntactic rules and phonetic strings
surface
linguistic level of processing with semantic categories and relations
deep
linguistic level of processing with situation or image
contextual
degree that a metaphor has closely-related literal and figurative meaning
Metaphoric transparency
In early school age years, children can produce __ of the sounds and blends in English language
All
Meaningless words are phased out at age ___
early school age years
Pluralization is mastered at this age
elementary school
The usage of derivational prefixes like un-, dis- and non-, as well as derivational suffixes like -able, -ment, -y, and -ly appear at this age
elementary school
Children learn full adult stress and accents system by age __
12
Altering sounds that looks similar but are different with morpheme convo (ie electric and electricity) starts to happen at this age
elementary school
what are five ways elementary school children’s syntactic skills increase?
1) learn passive voice
2) learn more conjunctions
3) sentences longer, more complex
4) difference between explanatory sentences (longer) and conversational sentences
5) refinement of noun and verb phrases
what are four ways noun phrases develop syntactically in elementary school kids?
-Pronoun mastery
-Adding modifiers
-Adjective ordering
-Distinction between mass/count nouns and quantifiers (many vs much, etc)
individual types of nouns (ie cup, pencil, paper)
Count nouns
non-individual/homogenous types of nouns (ie sugar, water, salt)
Mass nouns
what elements of verb phrase development continue to develop in elementary school?
1) passive sentences (takes longer)
2) Clausal embedding and conjoining continue to develop
3) Causal, conditional, disjunctive and temporal conjunctions
which develops faster in elementary school: noun phrase development or verb phrase development?
noun
Metalinguistics start to show up at this age
elementary school
Kids start to identify root words and derivational morphemes at this age
elementary school
Kids start to make puns/riddles at this age
elementary school
When does the rate of cognitive growth start to slow?
Adolescence
Myelination gets completed at this age
early adulthood
Dendritic pruning continues into this age
adolescence
As children go into adolescence and beyond, their brain becomes ___ in accessing concepts
efficient/effective
What linguistic declines are often seen in seniors?
1) trouble with syntactically complex sentences
2) trouble with inferences
3) cognitive overload or possibly working memory
4) ability to explain figurative expression
5) oral/written comprehension
6) trouble with recalling linguistic materials
Seniors usually do not need cognitive decline in this area
comprehension of figurative language
Hearing loss increases with age, especially between patients in their __ and patients in their __
70’s; 80’s
people have trouble with word retrieval starting at this age
senior
What happens to registers in adolescence and adulthood?
Registers increase, but infrequent registers start to disappear
narrative skills decline around this age
late 70s
sarcasm and jokes with double meaning can be seen at this age
high school
altering the focus on a topic
Shading
Genderlect starts at this age
mid-adolescence
Gendered phoneme differences start as early as age __
6
Adult definitions are more __ and __ than a child’s
abstract; subjective (biased)
In seniors, word ___ decreases, but the overall word ___ isn’t lost in most cases
recall; knowledge
Frequency of using non-specific word like ___ increases in seniors
seniors
what is one reason seniors participate less in conversations?
hearing loss
familiarity with idioms/proverbs is mastered at this age __
no specific age; gets better with age, also depends with experience
Articulatory knowledge continues to increase in this time of life
adulthood
Length and complexity of utterances stabilize around this time of life
middle age
