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2024DM Med Surg > neurologic disorders > Flashcards

neurologic disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Intracranial vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation

A

migraine headaches

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2
Q

migraine headaches are triggered by

A

Triggered by menstruation, ovulation, alcohol, some foods, stress

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3
Q

mi grain headaches pain is

A

Pain usually unilateral, often begins in the temple or eye area and is very intense

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4
Q

other s/s of migraine headaches are

A

Tearing and nausea and vomiting may occur

Hypersensitive to light and sound; prefers dark, quiet environment

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5
Q

migraine headaches are treated with

A

Mild migraines treated with acetaminophen or aspirin; severe ones with ergotamine (Cafergot) or sumatriptan (Imitrex) tablet or autoinjector for self-injection

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6
Q

Occur in a series of episodes followed by a long period with no symptoms

A

cluster headache

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7
Q

cluster headache pain is usually related to

A

stress and anxiety and usually have no warning symptoms

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8
Q

treatment of cluster headache include

A

Treatment may include cold application, indomethacin (Indocin), and tricyclic antidepressants

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9
Q

Result from prolonged muscle contraction from anxiety, stress, or stimuli from other sources, such as a brain tumor or an abscessed tooth

A

tension headache

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10
Q

tension headache s/s including pain

A

Pain location may vary; may have nausea and vomiting, dizziness, tinnitus, or tearing

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11
Q

treatment for tension headache include

A

Treatment: correction of known causes, psychotherapy, massage, heat application, and relaxation techniques

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12
Q

medication treatment for tension headache

A

Analgesics, usually nonopioid, may be prescribed to reduce anxiety

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13
Q

An uncontrolled discharge of neurons in the cerebral cortex, interferes with normal CNS function, altering sensation/movement/perception or consciousness

A

Seizure Disorder

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14
Q

Epilepsy is

A

recurrent seizures, not a disease but a CNS disorder

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15
Q

Electrical impulses in the brain are conducted in a

A

highly chaotic pattern that yields abnormal activity and behavior

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16
Q

seizure disorder is related to

A

Related to trauma, reduced cerebral perfusion, infection, electrolyte disturbances, poisoning, or tumors

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17
Q

medical diagnosis of seizure disorder

A

Accurate history of the seizure disorder

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

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18
Q

Part of one cerebral hemisphere; consciousness not impaired

A

partial seizure (simple)

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19
Q

Consciousness impaired; may exhibit bizarre behavior

A

partial seizure (complex)

20
Q

Generalized seizure involve what?

and types

A

Involve the entire brain from the onset
Consciousness lost during the ictal (seizure) period
Types: tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, and atonic

21
Q

Status epilepticus

A

Medical emergency: continuous seizures or repeated seizures in rapid succession for 30 minutes or more

22
Q

Aura

A

Dizziness, numbness, visual or hearing disturbance, noting an offensive odor, or pain may precede a seizure

23
Q

medical treatment for seizure disorders

A

Resolution of the underlying condition

Anticonvulsant drug therapy

24
Q

surgical treatment of seizure disorder

A

Removal of seizure foci in the temporal lobe and pallidotomy (removal of the globus pallidus of the brain) or vagal nerve stimulator

25
Q

Assessment

A

Describe the seizure episode (time it); including the postictal period (following the seizure); aura just before onset of seizure; eyes deviating to a particular side; or blinking; Irregular breathing with spasms; LOC with tonic-clonic muscular contractions; orientation to time, place; P/A drowsiness; lack of coordination; and document drug therapy administered

26
Q

Risk for Injury

A

Side rails of bed up and padded, suction machine readily available, bed maintained in the low position
Quickly move objects away from the patient
Do not attempt to restrain the patient

27
Q

Ineffective Coping and Deficient Knowledge

A

Teach family and patient about the seizure disorder and the therapy
Teaching must be directed toward helping the patient and family adjust to a chronic condition
Encourage questions and concerns

28
Q

Lacerations, contusions, abrasions, and hematomas

A

Scalp injuries

29
Q

Trauma with no visible injury to the skull or brain; Mild brain injury; LOC (loss of consciousness) <5 min; Headache, dizziness, n/v, amnesia

A

Concussion

30
Q

Bruising and bleeding in the brain tissue; symptoms determined by area involved; when brain stem affected causes loc, respirations, pupil reaction, motor response to stimuli can be affected

A

Contusion

31
Q

Subdural hematoma or epidural hematom; symptoms occur up to 24 hr post-injury; Bleed occurs b/w dura mater and arachnoid membranes; forgetful, irritable, lethargic, can develop hemiparesis and HA

A

Hematoma

32
Q

From lesions within the tissue of the brain itself

A

Intracerebral hemorrhage

33
Q

Sharp objects penetrate the skull and brain tissue

A

Penetrating injuries

34
Q

Directed at evacuating hematomas and débriding damaged tissue

A

Surgical treatment

35
Q

nursing interventions for head injury

A

LOC, VS, movement and strength, PERRLA, HA, visual disturbance, vomiting, seizures, respiratory depression, I & O, inspect dressing for bleeding and/or cerebral spinal fluid (CSF classic appearance pink stain surrounded by a lighter ring), HOB elevated at all times, neuro checks as prescribed by Dr or surgeon, report changes immediately!
wake every hour during noc

36
Q

risk factors for brain tumors

A

Some congenital; others may be related to heredity
Drug/environmental factors may play a role in development
Abnormal mass found in brain resulting from unregulated cells growth & division
Primary (non-cancerous, but malignant) or Secondary (metastasis from cancer)
Primary classified by tissue origin: gliomas, meningiomas, astrocytomas
Can cause compression of blood vessels, producing ischemia & increased ICP

37
Q

s/s of brain tumors

A

Directly related to area of brain invaded by the tumor
Tumor in any area: deficits in cerebral function, headache, and visual disturbances
Tumor in frontal lobe: aphasia, memory loss, personality changes
Tumor in temporal lobe: aphasia, seizures
Tumor in parietal lobe: motor seizures, sensory impairment
Tumor in occipital lobe: homonymous hemianopsia, visual hallucinations, visual impairment
Tumor in cerebellum: impaired coordination, impaired equilibrium
Most common new-onset finding: auras, seizure activity or difficulties with balance and coordination

38
Q

medical treatment of brain tumors

A

Surgery often followed by radiation with or without

chemotherapy

39
Q

Inflammation of the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord caused by either viruses or bacteria

A

Meningitis

40
Q

Meningitis s/s

A

Headache, nuchal rigidity (stiffness of the back of the neck), irritability, diminished level of consciousness, photophobia (sensitivity to light), hypersensitivity, and seizure activity
Positive Kernig’s sign and Brudzinski’s sign

41
Q

medical diagnosis of menigitis

A

Lumbar puncture to obtain CSF for lab analysis

42
Q

when reflex contraction and pain in the hamstring (tendons that for the medial and lateral boundaries of the popliteal space) muscles when attempting to extend the leg after flexing the thigh upon the body

A

Kernig’s sign

43
Q

flexion of the hips when the neck

is flexed from a supine position

A

Brudzinski’s sign

44
Q

medical treatment for meningitis

A

Bacterial infections usually respond to antimicrobial therapy, but no specific drugs effective against most viral infections
Anticonvulsants used to control seizure activity if necessary

45
Q

nursing assessment for meningitis

A

Assess vital signs and neurologic status frequently to determine further deterioration or onset of complications

2024DM Med Surg (35 decks)

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