Hematologic disorder 2

Question 1

Disk-shaped red blood cells become sickle shaped
Misshapen cells more fragile than normal red blood cells; as a result, the sickled cells easily rupture as they pass through small capillaries, resulting in a chronic anemia
Cells become stuck in the small capillaries, obstructing blood flow

Answer 1

Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 2

how do you get sickle cell anemia

Answer 2

Genetic disease: almost exclusively in African Americans
Carried on a recessive gene; a person must inherit the gene from both the mother and the father to actually have the disease

Question 3

Sickle cell crisis is where

Answer 3

the sickled cells become stuck in larger blood vessels of the body; obstruct blood flow and cause severe pain

Question 4

Various stressors can trigger a sickle cell crisis what are they

Answer 4

Dehydration, infection, overexertion, cold weather changes, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking

Question 5

s/s of sickle cell anemia

Answer 5

Symptoms vary: depend on where circulation is blocked by the sickled red blood cells
Circulation to the chest, abdomen, bones, joints, bone marrow, brain, or penis may be compromised
Tissue hypoxia occurs, causing severe pain

Question 6

Medical diagnosis of sickle cell disease

Answer 6

Physicians use clinical judgment

Radiographs and scans of the painful area to evaluate for bleeding

Question 7

Medical treatment of sickle cell crisis

Answer 7

There is no cure; treatment is symptomatic
Intravenous fluids and pain medication
Red blood cell transfusions correct the anemia and help the body oxygenate tissues
Oxygen therapy
Hydroxyurea

Question 8

Assessment of sickle cell anemia

Answer 8

Complete description of the pain
Document location, intensity, duration, and precipitating events; vital signs every 4 hours
Assess for fever
Any symptoms of an infection, such as sore throat, cough, abnormal breath sounds, dysuria, or diarrhea
Monitor for signs and symptoms of dehydration

Question 9

Interventions of sickle cell anemia

Answer 9

Acute Pain
Anxiety
Risk for Injury
Ineffective Therapeutic Regimen Management

Question 10

Too few platelets circulating in the blood

Not enough platelets being made in bone marrow or too many platelets are being destroyed in circulation

Answer 10

thrombocytopenia:

Question 11

Major cause:thrombocytopenia:

Answer 11

treatment with chemotherapy or radiation therapy

Question 12

Examples of too many platelets being either destroyed or consumed are

Answer 12

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP

Question 13

s/s thrombocytopenia:

Answer 13

Symptoms: petechiae and purpura, gingival bleeding, epistaxis (nosebleeds), or any other unusual or prolonged bleeding

Question 14

Treatment for thrombocytopenia:

Answer 14

treat or stop the causative factor

Question 15

A hypercoagulable state

Overstimulation of normal coagulation cascade: simultaneous thrombosis and hemorrhage

Answer 15

Coagulation

Question 16

Always secondary to another pathologic process of

Answer 16

overwhelming sepsis, shock, major trauma, crush injuries, burns, cancer, acute tumor lysis syndrome, or obstetric complications

Question 17

Coagulation occurs at so many sites that eventually

Answer 17

all available platelets and clotting factors are depleted and uncontrolled hemorrhage results

Question 18

Blood tests that help diagnose DIC includes

Answer 18

prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, thrombin time, fibrin split products level, and D-dimer

Question 19

treatment Coagulation

Answer 19

Blood component replacement therapy

Heparin to interrupt the DIC cycle and allow the body to replenish platelets and clotting factors

Question 20

Genetic disease: affected person lacks some blood clotting factors normally found in plasma

Answer 20

Hemophilia

Question 21

Signs and symptoms Hemophilia

Answer 21

Uncontrollable bleeding is the hallmark of hemophilia
Occurs after trauma; however, also spontaneously for no clear reason
Commonly, bleeding occurs into the joints, causing swelling and severe pain
Also can occur into the skin; from the mouth, gums, and lips; and from the gastrointestinal tract

Question 22

Medical diagnosis Hemophilia

Answer 22

Measuring factors VIII and IX in the blood

Partial thromboplastin time

Question 23

Medical treatment Hemophilia

Answer 23

No cure; treatment is symptomatic
Physician prescribes transfusions of fresh frozen plasma or
cryoprecipitate, or both
Red blood cell transfusions
Intravenous morphine
Physicians try quickly to transition from IV opioids to oral opioids to nonopioid pain relievers as crisis resolves

Question 24

Assessment Hemophilia

Answer 24

For bleeding and pain; note what measures have stopped the bleeding and relieved pain in the past
Monitor vital signs and urine output

Question 25

Interventions Hemophilia

Answer 25

Risk for Injury
Acute Pain
Ineffective Therapeutic Regimen Management