digestive tract disorders

Question 1

The first section of the large intestine is the

Answer 1

cecum

Question 2

colon goes up right side of the abdomen

Answer 2

Ascending

Question 3

colon crosses abdomen just below waist

Answer 3

Transverse

Question 4

colon goes down left side of abdomen

Answer 4

Descending

Question 5

Age-Related Changes

Answer 5

Teeth are mechanically worn down with age
The jaw may be affected by osteoarthritis
A significant loss of taste buds with age
Xerostomia (dry mouth) is common
Walls of esophagus and stomach thin with aging, and secretions lessen
Production of hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes decreases
Gastric motor activity slows
Movement of contents through the colon is slower
Anal sphincter tone and strength decrease

Question 6

Abdomen

Answer 6

Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation

Question 7

Gastrointestinal Surgery

Preoperative nursing care

Answer 7

digestive tract is usually cleansed
Magnesium citrate or large-volume cathartic (laxative) solutions; enemas
Diet limited to liquids 24 hours before surgery, NPO after midnight
Intravenous fluids started preop
Oral antibiotics
Nasogastric tube inserted and attached to suction (often in surgery

Question 8

Gastrointestinal Surgery

Postoperative nursing care

Answer 8

Be sure gastrointestinal suction is draining (low intermittent)
Inspect, describe, and measure the drainage
Assess abdomen for distention and bowel sounds
Administer intravenous fluids
Start out NPO, later may add ice chips
Keep strict intake and output records
Drug therapy
Emetics, antiemetics, laxatives, cathartics, antidiarrheals, antacids, anticholinergics, mucosal barriers, histamine-2 (H2)-receptor blockers, prostaglandins, and antibiotics

Question 9

lack of appetite, leads to malnutrition

Answer 9

Anorexia

Question 10

Appetite center is located in the

Answer 10

Hypothalamus

Question 11

is the conversion of glycogen to glucose

Answer 11

Glycogeolysis

Question 12

Cause of anorexia

Answer 12

Nausea, decreased sense of taste or smell, mouth disorders, and medications

Question 13

Emotional problems associated with anorexia such as anxiety, depression, or disturbing thoughts

Answer 13

anxiety, depression, or disturbing thoughts

Question 14

s/s of anorexia

Answer 14

hunger is absent, no desire of food, nausea may show hypovitaminosis (vitamin deficiency) body does not store any water soluble vitamins except B12

Question 15

What are the labs with anorexia

Answer 15

hemoglobin level and blood count are reduced, RBC become enlarged. Serum albumin, electrolyte, protein levels are low.

Question 16

Short term anorexia needs

Answer 16

no medical management

Question 17

Persistent anorexia requires

Answer 17

high calorie diet, tube feedings,TPN, psychological support, psychiatric treatment.

Question 18

Nursing management for anorexia-

Answer 18

sufficient nutrition maintain normal body weight monitor weight daily obtain client food history/patterns

Question 19

Anorexia Nursing Interventions

Answer 19

Assist with oral hygiene before and after meals
Teach proper oral hygiene; refer for dental care
Relieve nausea before presenting a meal tray
Before serving meal tray, remove bedpans/emesis basins from sight, conceal drains and drainage collection devices, deodorize room if necessary
Socialization during mealtime
Respect food likes and dislikes
Position patient comfortably with easy access to food

Question 20

A general term for inflammation of the oral mucosa

Answer 20

Stomatitis

Question 21

Medical treatment for stomatitis

Answer 21

is directed toward determining the cause and eliminating it; a soft, bland diet may be ordered

Question 22

Aphthous Stomatitis

Answer 22

canker sore

Question 23

Aphthous Stomatitis can be caused by what? Characterized by what? and What medication use?

Answer 23

May be caused by a virus
Characterized by ulcers of the lips and mouth that recur at intervals
Topical or systemic steroids may be used

Question 24

Yeastlike fungus causes the oral condition known as thrush or candidiasis

Answer 24

Candida albicans

Question 25

Candida albicans what does it look like? What pt are high risk? What is the treatment?

Answer 25

Bluish white lesions on the mucous membranes Patients at high risk include those on steroid or long-term antibiotic therapy Treated with oral or topical antifungal agents; vaginal nystatin tablets can be used like lozenges and allowed to dissolve in the mouth

Question 26

Ulcers and vesicles in mouth and on lips

Answer 26

Herpes simplex type 1

Question 27

Herpes simplex type 1 occur when? and What medication use?

Answer 27

Occur with upper respiratory tract infections, excessive sun exposure, or stress Spirits of camphor, topical steroids, and antiviral agents as treatment

Question 28

Nursing Assessment of Herpes simplex type 1

Answer 28

Pain location, onset, and precipitating factors Record any known illnesses and treatments, including drugs and radiation therapy Describe habits, including diet, oral care practices, alcohol intake, and use of tobacco Assess patient’s stress level Inspect lips and oral cavity for redness, swelling, and lesions

Question 29

Nursing interventions of Herpes Simplex type 1

Answer 29

Gentle oral hygiene, prescribed mouthwashes The teeth and tongue can be cleansed with a soft-bristle toothbrush, sponge, or cotton-tipped applicator Medications must be given as ordered

Question 30

A destructive process of tooth decay

Answer 30

Dental Caries

Question 31

Treatment for Dental Caries

Answer 31

The only treatment for dental caries is removal of the decayed part of the tooth, followed by filling the cavity with a restorative material

Question 32

Begins with gingivitis; progresses to involve the other structures that support the teeth

Answer 32

Periodontal Disease

Question 33

s/s of Periodontal Disease

Answer 33

Gums red, swollen, painful, and bleed easily | Primarily from inadequate oral hygiene

Question 34

treatment of Periodontal Disease

Answer 34

Treatment in early stage: dental care for teeth cleaning and correction of contributing problems Untreated, abscesses develop around the roots, the teeth loosen, and extraction is necessary

Question 35

Nursing assessment of Periodontal Disease

Answer 35

Observe condition of teeth and gums | Document missing or broken teeth, caries, redness or lesions of the gums, and gum recession

Question 36

Nursing interventions of Periodontal Disease

Answer 36

Most patients are treated for dental and gum conditions in dentists’ offices Interventions directed at minimizing pain until the problem can be corrected by a dentist Provide oral care for patients who cannot do it themselves

Question 37

Squamous cell carcinoma (most common) and basal cell carcinoma that may effects the lips, mouth or pharynx that under go malignant changes if detected early cure rates are fairly good

Answer 37

cancer of the oral cavity

Question 38

Cancer of the lip related

Answer 38

to prolonged exposure to irritants, including sun, wind, and pipe smoking

Question 39

Factors that increase the risk of cancers inside the mouth include

Answer 39

tobacco and alcohol use, poor nutritional status, and chronic irritation

Question 40

s/s of oral cancer

Answer 40

Tongue irritation, loose teeth, and pain in the tongue or ear Malignant lesions may appear as ulcerations, thickened or rough areas, or sore spots Leukoplakia: hard, white patches in the mouth; premalignant

Question 41

Treatment includes of oral cancer

Answer 41

surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy, or a combination of these A neck dissection is performed if cancer has spread to the lymph nodes

Question 42

nursing assessment of oral cancer

Answer 42

History of prolonged sun exposure, tobacco use, or alcohol consumption Assess for difficulty swallowing or chewing, decreased appetite, weight loss, change in fit of dentures, and hemoptysis The physical examination should focus on examination of the mouth for lesions Assess the neck for limitation of movement and enlarged lymph nodes

Question 43

Nursing interventions of oral cancer

Answer 43

``` Impaired Oral Mucous Membrane Ineffective Breathing Pattern Pain Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements Impaired Verbal Communication Disturbed Body Image Risk for Infection Ineffective Tissue Perfusion ```

Question 44

Nursing management of oral cancer

Answer 44

maintain pt airway, promoting adequate fluid/food intake, being patient with pt communication by speaking and clarification or repeat what pt says