classification of fractures Flashcards
Bone does not break through the skin
Closed or simple fracture
Fragments of the broken bone break through skin
Open or compound fracture
Open fractures have three grades of severity
Grade I: least severe injury, with minimal skin damage
Grade II: moderately severe injury, with skin and muscle contusions (bruises)
Grade III: most severe injury (wound larger than 6 to 8 cm), with skin, muscle, blood vessel, and nerve damage
Caused by either repeated or prolonged stress
Stress fracture
pulling away of a fragment of a boneby a ligament or tendon and its attachment
avulsion
a fractuture in which bone has splintered into several fragments
communited
a fracture in which damage also involves the skin or mucous membranes
compound
a fracture in which bone has been compressed seen in vertrebral fractures
compression
a fracture in which fragments are driven inward seen frequently in fracture of skull and facial bone
depressed
a fracture through the epiphyseal
epiphyseal
a fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent
greenstick
a fracture in which a bone fragment is driven into another bone fragment
impacted
a fracture occurring at an angle across the bone
oblique
a fracture that occur though the area of diseased bone
pathologic
a facture that remains contained and does not break the skin
simple
a fracture twisting around the shaft of the bone
spiral
a fracture that is straight across the bone
transverse
A bone begins to heal as soon as
an injury occurs
New bone tissue formed to repair the fracture, resulting in a
sturdy union between the broken ends of the bone
Stage 1: hematoma formation
Immediately after a fracture, bleeding and edema occur
In 48 to 72 hours, a clot or hematoma forms between the two broken ends of the bone
Stage 2: fibrocartilage formation
Hematoma that surrounds fracture does not resorb, as it does in other parts of the body
Instead, other tissue cells enter the clot, and granulation tissue replaces the clot
The tissue then forms a collar around each end of the broken bone, gradually becoming firm and forming a bridge between the two ends
Stage 3: callus formation
Within 1 to 4 weeks after injury, granulation tissue changes into a callus, which is made up of cartilage, osteoblasts, calcium, and phosphorus. The callus is larger than the diameter of the bone and serves as a temporary splint
Stage 4: ossification
Within 3 weeks to 6 months after the break, a permanent bone callus, known as woven bone, forms
During this stage the ends of the broken bone begin to knit
Stage 5: consolidation and remodeling
Consolidation occurs when the distance between bone fragments decreases, then closes
During bone remodeling, immature bone cells are gradually replaced by mature bone cells
Excess bone is chiseled away by stress to the affected part from motion, exercise, and weight bearing
Bone then takes on its original shape and size