Neuroanatomy / Neuroimaging

Question 1

Cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 1

clear liquid in brain and spine

produced in ventricles

Question 2

ventricles in brain

Answer 2

produce CSF and are a series of reservoirs in brain center

store, produce, circulate CSF

Question 3

meninges

Answer 3

layers of tissue separating skull from brain

3 layers:
Pia, arachnoid, dura

Question 4

Dura Mater

Answer 4

outer layer of meninges

Heavy cabbage like cover

Question 5

subdural hematoma

Answer 5

bleed below dura matter in the subdural space

Question 6

arachnoid layer

Answer 6

2nd layer of meninges

consistency similar to spider web

Question 7

subarachnoid hematoma

Answer 7

bleed in the space below arachnoid layer

Question 8

pia mater

Answer 8

3rd layer of meninges

molds around the sulci and gyri of the brain

Question 9

neurons

Answer 9

communicating cells in brain

Question 10

glial cells

Answer 10

non communicating cells in brains - nourishing cells

support and maintain neurons

Question 11

Synapses

Answer 11

neurons communicate via synapses

synapse = junction where electrochemical transmission between axon of 1 neuron to dendrite of another neuron

Question 12

synaptic stimulation

Answer 12

release of glutamate from the axon in the synaptic cleft

Question 13

glutamate binds to AMPA and NMDA receptors

Answer 13

this allows next neuron to stimulate if there is enough signal

Question 14

influx of Na and Ca in post synaptic neuron

Answer 14

if allowed entry with enough signal - stimulates a cascade of biological reactions

Question 15

end result of influx of na and ca in post synapse

Answer 15

now there is a stronger connection and increased response to given stimulus

Question 16

3 parts to brain stem

Answer 16

medulla, pons, midbrain

Question 17

midbrain

Answer 17

smallest part of brainstem
elementary forms of vision/ hearing
arousal!

Question 18

pons

Answer 18

round structure btw midbrain and medulla
connects cerebellum and cerebral cortex
essential for facial movements, face sensation, hearing/ vision, eye movements

Question 19

medulla

Answer 19

merges with spinal cord creating base of brain stem
control center for involuntary reflexes (e.g. breathing, heart rate, BP, swallowing, vomiting, sneezing)
involved in many life functions - injury here is life threatening

Question 20

diencepathalon thalamus

Answer 20

sensory input passes here to higher levels of brain 
sits at top of brainstem below cortex 
many nuclei 
all senses except smell relay here 
injury causes wide range of symptoms

Question 21

limbic system

Answer 21

deep brain structure
controls all internal and external responses / actions
includes: hippocampus and amygdala

Question 22

Hippocampus

Answer 22

within limbic system and located in temporal lobe
controls memory
injury causes impaired memory

Question 23

Amygdala

Answer 23

part of limbic system located near hippocampus
evaluates material for emotional content
flight/ fight response

Question 24

basal ganglia

Answer 24

input from cerebral cortex - process info and send it back

• keeps us alert
• regulates motor activity (PD, is errors)
• Injury causes slowness with voluntary motor neurons, loss of movement, tremor, muscular rigidity

Question 25

cerebellum

Answer 25

lower back section of the brain

• coordinates/ modulates all body movements
• controls direction/ rate/ force/ steadiness movement
• injury causes problems with fine motor movements/ trajectory of movement, balance, proprioception

Question 26

cerebral cortex

Answer 26

2 hemispheres, 4 lobes, interconnected

Question 27

cerebral cortex - gyri, sulci, fissures

Answer 27

gyri= elevated ridges winding around brain
sulci= small grooves dividing brain
fissures= deep grooves dividing large regions/ lobes of brains

Question 28

frontal lobe 
function / damage

Answer 28

functions: plan, organize, problem solve, judge, impulse control, decision making, working memory
damage: change in personality, poor self awareness, decreased motivation/ goal directed behaviors, impaired attn/ STM, etc.

Question 29

primary motor cortex

Answer 29

part of frontal lobe
curves over top of the head
in charge of voluntary movement

damage - weakness or paralysis on opposite side of body

Question 30

prefrontal cortex

Answer 30

front part of frontal lobes, evaluates options, outcomes, decides best course of action - learn from consequences

injury= difficulty making decisions, organizing, prioritizing

damage for kids leads to decreased control, not immediately obvious

Question 31

temporal lobe

Answer 31

function= memory, language, hearing 
impairment= auditory processing, new learning, understanding, storing information

Question 32

broca’s area

Answer 32

Left frontal temporal lobe

Question 33

Wernicke’s area

Answer 33

Left temporal parietal lobe - speech comprehension

- damage= impaired language comprehension

Question 34

occipital lobe

Answer 34

function: visual processing, interpret visual info, recognize size, color, light, motion, dimensions
impairment: cortical blindness, agraphia, field cuts, visual movements/ agonsia, agraphica, agnosia

Question 35

parietal lobe

Answer 35

2 cortexes:
primary sensory
somatosensory

Question 36

somatosensory cortex

Answer 36

part of parietal lobe
function: sensory input integration, spatial awareness/ perception (body in space)

impairments: difficulty ID’ing sensation, location/ type (temp, pain, movement)

Question 37

primary sensory cortex

Answer 37

part of parietal lobe
functions: sensation/ perception and response to touch/ temp / pain (process sensory information)

impairments: difficulty identifying sensation - location/ type (temp, pain, movement)