Final Review Chap. 2 & 3 Flashcards
Brain stem components
medulla
pons
midbrain
midbrain
smallest part of the brain stem
elementary forms of vision and hearing
key role in alertness and arousal
pons
rounded region
connects cerebellum and cerebral cortex
facial movements, hearing, coordination of eye movements
medulla
controls involuntary reflex
- HR, BP, vomiting, sneezing
Reticular activating system
key for arousal - damage leads to disorder of consciousness
This is a collection of nerve fibers and nuclei in the brainstem
Thalamus
relay station for everything except smell
hypothalamus
hunger, thirst, body temp, sexual functions
limbic system
internal and external responses and actions
hippocampus
memory
in temporal lobe
susceptible to hypoxia and anoxia
amygdala
when stimuli reaches cortex, sent here for emotional content
fight or flight
cerebellum
controls direction, rate, force of movements
primary cortex damage
causes contralateral paralysis/ hemiparesis
frontal lobe damage
deficits in planning, organization, problem solving, impulse control
temporal lobe
language, memory, hearing
broca’s are - frontotemporal
wernicke’s - parietotemporal
optic chiasm
where optic nerve crosses to opposite sides
parietal lobe
integrates sensory input
spinal cord afferent nerve tract
ascends - up to brain
spinal cord efferent nerve tract
brings messages back to spinal cord from the brain
exits brain down to SC
synaptogenesis - increases
formation of synapses between neurons
increases efficiency of communication
neurogenesis
increase with exercise
decrease with stress
- no known spontaneous recovery for TBI
myelination - increases
increased speed within a neuron (along the axon)
increases efficiency of communication (like synaptogenesis but in a different way)
synapses
the gaps between two cells where neuro transmitters are released to stimulate cell for next message
axon -> releases to SYNAPSE -> dendrite
CT head
xray - shows gross anatomical changes
MRI
more sensitive than CT
Diffuse Tensor Imaging
type of MRI which is sensitive to DAI by showing how water moves in the synapses
Hebbian learning
neurons that fire together wire together
experience dependent learning
use it or lose it phenomena
the more we use a skill the better developed the cortex ; we can LOSE ability if we do not use it
synaptogenesis
formation of new synapses between neurons - increases speed and efficiency
neuroplasticity post TBI
cortical map can reorganize itself
neurogenesis
theory we can develop new neurons in brain after injury
with exercise and reduced stress
neuroprotection
attempt to mitigate or stop the cascade of effects
this is stopping the secondary affects with drugs or rehab to help prevent further decline
