Final Review Chap. 2 & 3

Question 1

Brain stem components

Answer 1

medulla
pons
midbrain

Question 2

midbrain

Answer 2

smallest part of the brain stem
elementary forms of vision and hearing
key role in alertness and arousal

Question 3

pons

Answer 3

rounded region
connects cerebellum and cerebral cortex

facial movements, hearing, coordination of eye movements

Question 4

medulla

Answer 4

controls involuntary reflex

- HR, BP, vomiting, sneezing

Question 5

Reticular activating system

Answer 5

key for arousal - damage leads to disorder of consciousness

This is a collection of nerve fibers and nuclei in the brainstem

Question 6

Thalamus

Answer 6

relay station for everything except smell

Question 7

hypothalamus

Answer 7

hunger, thirst, body temp, sexual functions

Question 8

limbic system

Answer 8

internal and external responses and actions

Question 9

hippocampus

Answer 9

memory
in temporal lobe
susceptible to hypoxia and anoxia

Question 10

amygdala

Answer 10

when stimuli reaches cortex, sent here for emotional content

fight or flight

Question 11

cerebellum

Answer 11

controls direction, rate, force of movements

Question 12

primary cortex damage

Answer 12

causes contralateral paralysis/ hemiparesis

Question 13

frontal lobe damage

Answer 13

deficits in planning, organization, problem solving, impulse control

Question 14

temporal lobe

Answer 14

language, memory, hearing
broca’s are - frontotemporal
wernicke’s - parietotemporal

Question 15

optic chiasm

Answer 15

where optic nerve crosses to opposite sides

Question 16

parietal lobe

Answer 16

integrates sensory input

Question 17

spinal cord afferent nerve tract

Answer 17

ascends - up to brain

Question 18

spinal cord efferent nerve tract

Answer 18

brings messages back to spinal cord from the brain

exits brain down to SC

Question 19

synaptogenesis - increases

Answer 19

formation of synapses between neurons

increases efficiency of communication

Question 20

neurogenesis

Answer 20

increase with exercise
decrease with stress

• no known spontaneous recovery for TBI

Question 21

myelination - increases

Answer 21

increased speed within a neuron (along the axon)

increases efficiency of communication (like synaptogenesis but in a different way)

Question 22

synapses

Answer 22

the gaps between two cells where neuro transmitters are released to stimulate cell for next message
axon -> releases to SYNAPSE -> dendrite

Question 23

CT head

Answer 23

xray - shows gross anatomical changes

Question 24

MRI

Answer 24

more sensitive than CT

Question 25

Diffuse Tensor Imaging

Answer 25

type of MRI which is sensitive to DAI by showing how water moves in the synapses

Question 26

Hebbian learning

Answer 26

neurons that fire together wire together

Question 27

experience dependent learning

Answer 27

use it or lose it phenomena

the more we use a skill the better developed the cortex ; we can LOSE ability if we do not use it

Question 28

synaptogenesis

Answer 28

formation of new synapses between neurons - increases speed and efficiency

Question 29

neuroplasticity post TBI

Answer 29

cortical map can reorganize itself

Question 30

neurogenesis

Answer 30

theory we can develop new neurons in brain after injury

with exercise and reduced stress

Question 31

neuroprotection

Answer 31

attempt to mitigate or stop the cascade of effects

this is stopping the secondary affects with drugs or rehab to help prevent further decline