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Pass Medicine notes > Neuro summary points > Flashcards

Neuro summary points Flashcards

1
Q

Summarise blood supply to head and neck

A
  1. Common carotid artery
    - —-> external carotid artery
    - —-> internal carotid artery
  2. Subclavian artery
    - —-> vertebral artery
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2
Q

anterior blood supply to brain via

A

carotid artery

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3
Q

posterior blood supply to brain via

A

vertebrobasilar artery

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4
Q

what structure divides the lobes of the brain

A

central sulcus

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5
Q

in one word summarise the role of frontal lobe

A

thinking

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6
Q

in one word summarise the role of parietal lobe

A

feeling

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7
Q

in one word summarise the role of the temporal lobe

A

hearing

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8
Q

in one word summarise the role of the occipital lobe

A

seeing

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9
Q

what makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A
  1. cranial nerves

2. peripheral nerves

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10
Q

summarise the enteric nervous system?

A
  • digestive nervous system
  • peristaltic contractions
  • interstitial cells of cajal are the pacemaker cells
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11
Q

what are the pacemaker cells in the enteric nervous system known as?

A
  • interstitial cells of cajal
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12
Q

Describe divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Autonomic (involuntary)
    - —> sympathetic
    - —> parasympathetic
  2. Somatic (voluntary)
    - —> muscular sensations
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13
Q

describe actions of the sympathetic nervous system (4)

A
  1. increase HR
  2. Vasoconstriction
  3. Bronchodilation
  4. decreased digestion
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14
Q

describe actions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  1. decrease HR
  2. decrease sweat
  3. increased digestion
  4. Vasodilation

via ACH action on muscarinic receptors

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15
Q

state the lateral corticospinal tract

A

limb motor control

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16
Q

state the ventral corticospinal tract

A

axial motor

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17
Q

state the lateral spinothalamic tract

A

pain and temperature

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18
Q

state the anterior spinothalamic tract

A

crude touch

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19
Q

what is the anterior white commissure?

A
  • where decussation occurs

- axons cross over

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20
Q

Dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway is for

A

fine touch

propioception

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21
Q

what makes up the dorsal column?

A

gracile and cuneate nuclei

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22
Q

where do the fibres deccusate in the dorsal column?

A

medulla oblongata

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23
Q

after decussation where do the fibres travel in the dorsal column?

A
  • internal arcuate fibres
  • medial lemniscus
  • synpase onto ventroposterolateral nucleus
  • in the post central gyrus
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24
Q

3 main neurons involves in the dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway?

A
  1. dorsal root ganglion
  2. cuneate / gracile nucleus
  3. ventral posterolateral nucleus (thalamus)
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25
Q

spinothalamic tract handles

A
  • pain
  • temperature
  • crude touch
26
Q

describe lissauers tract?

A
  • route by which the spinothalamic tract ascends or descends
27
Q

describe the path of neurons in the spinothalamic tract?

A
  1. first order neuron (afferent)
  2. can ascend of descend 1 or 2 levels within lissauers fasiculus
  3. synapses in dorsal horn of grey matter
  4. decussation (2nd order neuron)
  5. ascends via spinothalamic fasiculus
  6. to brain stem (aka anterior white commissure)
  7. to thalamus
  8. 3rd order neuron to post central gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex)
28
Q

what is the primary motor cortex ?

A

pre-central gyrus

29
Q

describe the corticospinal tract path ? (7)

A
  1. pre-central gyrus
  2. descends via internal capsule
  3. leaves via brainstem
  4. (thalamus not involved)
  5. to midbrain, pons, medulla
  6. in medulla 75-90% fibres decussate (limb innervation)
    - ——-> decussation of the pyramids
  7. the remaining 10-25% are axial fibres which don’t decussate here!
30
Q

describe what happens to the remaining 10-25% of fibres which do not decussate in the medulla in the corticospinal tract?

Anterior Fibres

A
  1. fibres run down corticospinal tract
    - —> either anterior
    - —> or lateral
  2. at target level fibres in anterior spinothalamic tract will decussate
  3. through anterior white comissure
  4. before synapsing to a neuron
  5. in anterior horn of grey matter
  6. anterior horn cells will project to anterior limb and axial muscles
31
Q

what occurs to lateral fibres in the corticospinal tract?

A
  • lateral corticospinal tract fibres have already decussated at level pf pyramids
  • so at appropriate level
  • will synapse onto neuron
  • in anterior horn
32
Q

compare upper vs lower motor neurones?

A

Brain ————————————} UPPER MOTOR NEURON

spinal cord —————————-} UPPER MOTOR NEURON

anterior horn cell ——————-} LOWER MOTOR NEURON

target muscle ————————} LOWER MOTOR NEURON

33
Q

Describe upper motor neuron lesions signs?

A
  1. spastic (spasm)
  2. hypertonic muscles
  3. hyperreflexic
  4. disuse atrophy
  5. positive babinski
    - muscle becomes hypertonic first before atrophy
34
Q

describe lower motor neuron lesion signs?

A
  1. flaccid (limp)
  2. hypotonic
  3. hyporeflexic (not present)
  4. denervation atrophy
  5. negative babinski
    - lose innervation so atrophy early on
35
Q

what occurs in upper motor neuron lesions?

A
  1. lose ability to send signals to anterior horn
  2. unregulated innervation
  3. spasm
36
Q

what occurs in lower motor neuron lesion?

A
  1. lesion to anterior horn cell OR nerve projecting from anterior horn cell to muscle
  2. e.g nerve crush injury
  3. flaccid
  4. atrophy
37
Q

Basal ganglia are involved in ….

A
  • movement
  • fine tuning
  • e.g. your petting a dog, you don’t want to be petting too hard
  • does this by amplifying and diminishing some movements
38
Q

What makes up the basal ganglia?

A
  1. Putamen
  2. caudate nucleus
  3. Globus Pallidus (2 parts)
  4. Substania nigra (2 parts)
  5. subthalaic nucleus
39
Q

what makes up the neostratium?

A
  1. putamen

2. caudate nucleus

40
Q

describe the different pathways that the basal ganglia use?

A
  1. Direct pathway
    - —> facilitates purposeful behaviour and movement
  2. Indirect pathway
    - —> inhibits unwanted movements
41
Q

what is contained in the internal capsule?

A

white matter tract

42
Q

direct pathway involves (4)

A

Comes Straight Into Thalamus

  1. Cortex
  2. striatum
  3. globus pallidus internus
  4. thalamus
43
Q

describe the indirect pathway? (6)

A

Comes Straight, Exits, Sidesteps Into Thalamus

  1. Cortex
  2. Striatum
  3. External Globus Pallidus
  4. Subthalamic nucleus
  5. Internal globus pallidus
  6. Thalamus
44
Q

Initial signal from motor cortex comes from ….

A

Striatum
1—–> caudate
————–> cognitive memory

2—–> putamen
—————–> motor function

45
Q

Putaminal haemorrhage would result in….

A
  • weakness

- paralysis of muscles throughout body

46
Q

Describe two parts of the globus pallidus?

A
  1. Internal (inhibitory)

2. External (Excitatory)

47
Q

Describe the role of the subthalamic nucleus?

A
  • produces excitatory neurotransmitters

- ultimately produces an inhibitory effect

48
Q

What is hemi ballismus

A
  • erradic movement of limbs

- after subthalamic nucleus damage

49
Q

Describe the substantia nigra in the midbrain?

A
  • dopamine
  • facilitates movement (fast, fluent, smooth)
  • like oiling a door
50
Q

reduced production of dopamine in susbtantia nigra would result in?

A
  • e.g. parkinsons

- muscle stiffness rigidity and slowness

51
Q

role of internal capsule?

A
  • bypasses the basal ganglia and goes straight to muscle
  • has an anterior and posterior limb
  • genu in middle
  • kinda looks like a boomerang
52
Q

describe posterior limb of internal capsule?

A
  • corticospinal tract

- injury here could lead to contralateral hemiparesis, or hemiparalysis

53
Q

describe the genu in the internal capsule?

A
  • bend
  • contains the corticobulbar tract
  • travels to muscles in face
54
Q

Role of reticular formation

A
  • decides which sensory info gets sent to brain

- filters out irrelevant stimuli

55
Q

Summarise the role of the pons?

A
  1. Pontine resp centre (rate and depth of breathing)
    - ———-> pneumotaxic (inhibits exp)
    - ———-> apneusitic (promotes insp)
  2. Ocular movement
  3. Neurotransmitter production
    - ———> raphi nuclei (serotonin)
    - ———> locus coeruleus (norepineprhine)
56
Q

Medulla oblongata key areas and roles

A
  1. Area Postrema —> vomitting

2. Nucleus solitarus —> gag reflex, tongue, BP, baroreceptor reflec

57
Q

So a loss of taste and problems in maintaining BP may suggest a lesion in where?

A
  1. lesion in nucleus solitarus

2. nucleus sole-lick-tarus, would make ya wanna gag

58
Q

lesion in nucleus ambiguus would lead to?

A
  1. dysphagia

2. dysarthrita

59
Q

Pyramidal decussation occurs at…

A

end of medulla

60
Q

Lambert-Eaton syndrome

A
  • autoimmune
  • peripheral muscles affected
  • antibodies to calcium channels at neuromuscular junction
  • type 2 hypersensitivity
  • may present after small cell carcinoma

Pass Medicine notes (34 decks)

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