Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pass Medicine notes > Gastrointestinal question notes > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal question notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

A
  • metaplasia of lower oesophageal mucosa

- squamous stratified replaced by columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is metaplasia?

A
  • one differentiated cell type to another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Parietal cell releases?

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

intrinsic factor binds B12 allowing for its absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Paneth cells secrete?

A

Lysozyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Pernicious Anaemia?

A
  • autoimmune
  • antibodies to gastric parietal cells or intrinsic factor
  • vitamin B12 deficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe Crohn’s disease?

What is the gene assocaited with Crohns?

A
  • form of IBD
  • affects all layers down to serosa
  • inflammation, usually terminal ileum and colon
  • NOD-2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a direct hernia?

A
  • enters through defect in posterior wall of inguinal canal
  • out through superficial ring
  • hernia reappears upon cough (rise in intra-abdomonal pressure)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe an indirect hernia?

A
  • enters through deep inguinal ring

- exits through superficial ring of inguinal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are desmoid tumours?

who and where might you find them?

A
  • fibrous neoplasms
  • show APC mutation
  • common post partum women in rectus abdominus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is courvoisier’s law?

A
  • presence of painless obstructive jaundice, and palpable gallbladder is unlikely due to gallstones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the lymphatics of the prostate gland?

A
  • drain into internal iliac nodes first

- then sacral nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

blood supply of prostate?

A
  • internal iliac arteries which give rise to inferior vesical arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A
  • men with history of undescended testis

- 40x more likely to develop testicular cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the superficial landmark of the femoral artery?

A
  • midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is dysplasia?

A
  • presence of abnormal cells within a tissue

- may signify cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does the vena cava, oesophagus and aortic hiatus pass through the diaphragm?

A

T8 - VENA CAVA

T10 - OESOPHAGUS

T12 - AORTIC HIATUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What kind of bacteria is C.Diff?

What does it cause?

A
  • gram positive rod
  • releases exotoxin related to increased raised WBC count
  • psuedomembranous colitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe borders of femoral triangle?

A

SAIL

  1. Sartorious (lateral)
  2. Adductor Longus (medial)
  3. Inguinal ligament

roof: fascia lata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe contents of femoral triangle from lateral to medial?

A
  1. Femoral nerve
  2. Femoral sheath
  • femoral artery } —————————>
  • femoral vein } —————————–>Adductor canal
  • femoral canal }———————> Femoral canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe contents of femoral canal? 2 things

A

Contents

  • –> lymphatic vessel
  • –> one lymph node (cloquet lymph node)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the borders of the femoral canal?

Laterally
Medially
Anteriorly
Posteriorly

A

FLIP the LMAP

Laterally —> Femoral Vein

Medially —> Lacunar Ligament

Anteriorly —> Inguinal Ligament

Posteriorly —> Pectineal Ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Trousseau’s syndrome?

A
  • clot that moves around body

- aka migratory thrombophlebitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is metoclopramide and why is it given?

A
  • for nausea and vomitting
  • antimetics
  • dopamine antagonist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe divisions of common hepatic artery?

A

Common hepatic

  • –> right hepatic
  • —————–> cystic artery

—> left hepatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the divisions of the abdominal aorta?

prostitutes cause sagging swollen red testicles (in men) living in sin

A
  1. Phrenic (T12)
  2. Coeliac (T12)
  3. Superior Mesenteric (L1)
  4. Suprarenal (middle) (L1)
  5. Renal (L1-L2)
  6. Testicular (in men) (L2)
  7. Lumbar (L1 -L4)
  8. Inferior mesenteric (L3)
  9. Sacral (L4)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ACH acts on what receptors

A

m3 receptors on parietal cells

- causes increase in intracellular [Ca2+]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Gilbert’s syndrome?

A
  • autosomal recessive
  • defective bilirubin conjugation
  • due to deficiency of UDP glucoronosyltransferase
  • causes build up of unconjugated bilirubin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What cells release CCK?

A

I cells in the small intestine

CCK

  • increases enzyme rich secretions
  • relaxation of sphincter of ODDi
  • decreases gastric emptying
  • induces satiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a VIPoma and some features of it?

A
  • large vol of diarrhoea
  • weight loss
  • dehydration
  • hypolipidaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

three main branches of abdominal aorta?

A
  1. Coeliac trunk
  2. Superior mesenteric
  3. Inferior mesenteric
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Branches of coeliac trunk?

A
  1. common hepatic artery
  2. left gastric artery
  3. splenic artery
32
Q

What is FAP?

A
  • more than 100 adenomatous polyps affecting the colon and rectum
  • APC = tumour supressor gene
33
Q

HNPCC

A
  • colorectal cancer without extensive polyps
34
Q

Which part of the urethra is wider, prostatic or membranous?

significance of this when putting a catheter in

A
  • prostatic bit wider

- therefore resistance will decrease on insertion of catheter

35
Q

What sign is associated with acute pancreatitis?

A
  • Grey Turner’s
  • due to blood pooling in retroperitoneal space
  • pancreas head retroperitoneal
  • blood collecting in space
  • flank bruising
  • only really seen in 5% cases though
36
Q

key features of patient with liver cirrhosis

A
  • heavy alcohol intake
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • ascites
  • palmar erythema
  • liver enzymes
37
Q

What is seen in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?

A
  • triglyceride accumulation

- proliferation of myofibroblasts

38
Q

Describe brief pathology of liver cirrhosis?

A
  • excess collagen and ECM in periportal and pericentral zone
  • leading to formation of regeneration nodules
39
Q

key clinical features of oesophageal varices?

A
  • palmar erythema
  • spider naevi
  • jaundiced sclera
  • tachycardia
  • tachypnoeic
40
Q

Oesophgeal varices may lead to…?

A
  • blood loss
  • hypovolemic shock
  • shock is inadequate tissue perfusion
41
Q

What is a mallory Weis tear?

A
  • painful episodes of haematemesis
  • forceful vomiting could cause it
  • painful mucosal lacerations at gastrooesophageal junction
42
Q

Umbilical vein becomes…

A

ligamentum teres

43
Q

describe branches of sciatic nerve

A

Sciatic

  • —> common peroneal
    - —> lateral cutaneous
  • —> posterior tibial
    - —> lateral plantar
    - —> medial plantar

then:

common peroneal + tibial = sural nerve (lateral foot)

44
Q

Murphy’s sign

A

for acute cholecystitis

  • RHS, place hand, take patient to take deep breath, should be painful on inspiration
45
Q

Describe ascending cholangitis key features

A
  • abdo pain
  • comes on after eating
  • murphys sign
  • more acutely unwell with fever
46
Q

Oculogyuric

A

prolonged involuntary upward deviation of gaze as a result of drugs

47
Q

iteric

A

jaundiced

48
Q

Describe propanolol

A
  • non selective beta blocker

- can be used for oesophageal varices

49
Q

describe use of propanolol for oesophageal varices

A
  • causes splanchnic v.constriction

- reducing portal blood flow

50
Q

duodenal atresia

A

congenital absence or complete closure of portion of lumen of duodenum

51
Q

the shitty triad describing bowel obstruction

A
  1. vomiting
  2. abdominal distension
  3. absolute constipation
52
Q

Compare large and small bowel obstruction

A

large bowel

- constipation before vomiting due to distal location of GI tract

53
Q

causes of small bowel obstruction

A
  1. adhesions

2. hernias

54
Q

causes of large bowel osbtruction?

A
  1. malignancy
  2. diverticular disease
  3. volvulus
55
Q

volvulus

A

loop of intestine twisting around itself and the mesentery

56
Q

Haematochezia

A

fresh blood in anus

57
Q

Melena

A

dark blood in stool, digested blood

58
Q

ranitidine

A

competitive H2 antagonist on gastric parietal cell

59
Q

Describe sinusitis

A
  • inflammation sinuses
  • pain worsens when learning forward
  • often maxillary
60
Q

Intussusception

A
  • invagination of one portion of bowel
  • sausage shaped
  • child pulls legs up to chest to help
61
Q

Triple therapy

A
  • PPI
  • 2 antibiotics
    - —> amoxicillin
    - —> clarithromycin
62
Q

Compare Meckel’s diverticulum and Intussusception

A

Meckels

  • doesn’t typically cause shock
  • kids don’t typically bring knees to chest

Intussusception

  • shock
  • knees to chest
63
Q

What two ducts join together at the ampulla of vater?

A
  • pancreatic duct

- common bile duct

64
Q

Describe coeliac’s disease

A
  • triggered by carbohydrates
  • villous atrophy
  • raised intraepithelial lymphocytes
  • dermatitis herpitformas association
65
Q

Peutz-Jager syndrome

A
  • large, pedunculated benign polyps

- pigmented freckles on lips, face and palms and sole

66
Q

Harmartomatous polyps

A

tumour like growth found in organs - often mixture of tumours

67
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

unilateral idiopathic facial nerve paralysis

facial nerve paralysis
- chorda tympanic branch innervates sensory 2/3rd tongue so taste impairment

68
Q

Hershsprung’s disease

A
  • Lack of peristalsis
  • due to absence of ganglionic cells in myenteric nerve plexus.
  • neonates haven’t passed first poop.
  • abdomen slightly distended
69
Q

Achalasia

A
  • lower oesophageal sphincter doesn’t open on swallowing
70
Q

Wipples procedure

A

removal of head of pancreas when infected with adenocarcinoma

71
Q

Cor Pulmonale

A
  • RHS heart failure.
  • SOB, cyanosis, hepatomegaly.
  • blood backed up into systemic circulation.
  • hepatic vein enlarged.
72
Q

Pyelonephritis

A
  • bacterial infection from ureter to kidneys

- kidneys retroperitoneal so could spread infection to posterior psoas muscle and cause abcess.

73
Q

Peritonitis

A

infected ascitic fluid

74
Q

Psuedocyst vs cyst

A

psuedocyst
- surrounded by granulation tissue

cyst
- surrounded by epithelial tissue

75
Q

surface epithelium of oesophagus

A
  • non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium

- normally replaced by columnar epithelium at the gastro-oesophageal junction

76
Q

which bronchus do foreign bodies fall down more frequently?

A
  • right bronchus
  • shorter and wider and more vertical than left bronchus
  • thus more likely to aspirate foreign bodies.
77
Q

3 main characteristics of large bowel?

A
  1. haustra
  2. appendices epiplociae
  3. taeniae coli

Plicae circulares are features of small bowel rather than large boewl

Pass Medicine notes (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions