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Pass Medicine notes > Cardio knowledge tutor > Flashcards

Cardio knowledge tutor Flashcards

1
Q

A man presents with pleuritic central chest pain and dyspnoea following a viral illness. His pain is worse when lying down is a stereotypical history of:

A

Acute pericarditis

Features

  • chest pain: may be pleuritic. Is often relieved by sitting forwards
  • other symptoms include non-productive cough, dyspnoea and flu-like symptoms
  • pericardial rub
  • tachypnoea
  • tachycardia
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2
Q

a 40-year-old female presents with dyspnoea and fatigue. On examination a mid-diastolic murmur is heard. An echocardiogram shows a pedunculated mass in the left atrium

A

Atrial myxoma

- non-cancerous tumour growing on upper side of heart, commonly on atrial septum

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3
Q

Betablockers side effects

A
  • bronchospasm
  • cold peripheries
  • fatigue
  • sleep disturbances
  • erectile dysfunction
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4
Q

With respect to infective endocarditis, which one of the following organisms is most associated with patients with no past medical history?

A

Staph aureus
- patients with no pmh

Strep viridians
- patients with poor dental hygiene

staph epidermis
- first 2 months following prosthetic valve surgery

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5
Q

Sound characteristic of mitral regurgitation

A

split s2

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6
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A

Inhibits the conversion angiotensin I to angiotensin II

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7
Q

a 50-year-old woman with a history of rheumatic fever presents with dyspnoea. On examination she is found to be in atrial fibrillation, with a loud S1, split S2 and a diastolic murmur

she most probably has?

A
  • mitral stenosis

- main cause is rheumatic fever

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8
Q

a 70-year-old woman is found to have a pan-systolic murmur after presenting with dyspnoea. A soft S1 and split S2 is also noted

A

mitral regurgitation

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9
Q

Ischaemic changes in leads I, aVL +/- V5-6 would be most likely caused by a lesion of the:

A

left circumflex

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10
Q

ischaemic changes in leads V1-V4

A

left anterior descending

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11
Q

quick comparison of aortic stenosis and mitral stenosis sounds?

A

aortic stenosis - soft s2, narrow pulse pressure, slow rising pulse

mitral stenosis - opening snap, low volume pulse

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12
Q

mitral regurgitation sound

A

soft s1

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13
Q

an ECG shows a constant PR interval but the P wave is often not followed by a QRS complex

A

second degree heart block

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14
Q

a man develops a cardiac arrest shortly after being admitted with a myocardial infarction. The ECG monitor shows rapid, irregular waveforms

A

ventricular fibrillation

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15
Q

progressive prolongation of the PR interval until a dropped beat occurs

A

type 1 second degree heart block

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16
Q

PR interval constant by P wave not followed by QRS complex

A

TYPE 2 SECOND DEGREE HEART BLOCK

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17
Q

Third degree heart block

A

no association between P waves and QRS complexes

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18
Q

ECG changes in II, III, aVF would be most likely caused by a lesion of the:

A

right coronary artery

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19
Q

what molecule responsible for carrying cholesterol into intima

A

LDL

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20
Q

ischaemic changes in leads V4-6, I, aVL

A

left anterior descending or left circumflex

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21
Q

patent ductus arteriosus sound

A

reversed split s2

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22
Q

mitral regurgitation sound

A
  • third heart sound
  • widely split s2
  • quiet s1
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23
Q

Mid-late diastolic murmur, ‘rumbling’ in character

A

mitral stenosis

Austin-Flint murmur (severe aortic regurgitation)

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24
Q

Holosystolic murmur, high-pitched and ‘blowing’ in character

A
  1. mitral regurgitation

2. tricuspid regurgitation

25
Q

clinical signs of cardiac tamponade

A
  • hypotension
  • raised JVP
  • muffled heart sounds

becks triad

26
Q

a 60-year-old man is found to have recurrent episodes of atrial fibrillation than terminate sponatenously after 1-2 days

A

paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

27
Q

a 50-year-old man with no history of arrhythmia develops atrial fibrillation whilst being treated for pneumonia in hospital

A

first time atrial fibrillation

28
Q

A patient develops acute heart failure 10 days following a myocardial infarction. On examination he has a raised JVP, pulsus paradoxus and diminished heart sounds is a stereotypical history of:

A

left ventricular free wall rupture

29
Q

A 25-year-old man is investigated for recurrent syncope and dyspnoea. On examination he has an ejection systolic murmur is a stereotypical history of:

A

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

results in predominantly diastolic dysfunction

left ventricle hypertrophy → decreased compliance → decreased cardiac output

30
Q

Ischaemic changes in leads I, aVL +/- V5-6 would be most likely caused by a lesion of the:

A

left circumflex

31
Q

low volume pulse often seen in:

A

mitral stenosis

32
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy

A
  • dilated heart leading to predominantly systolic dysfunction
  • all four chambers are dilated, LHS more so than RHS
  • alchohol abuse
  • feature of DMD
33
Q

what might a collapsing pulse indicate?

A
  • patent ductus arteriosus

- aortic regurgitation

34
Q

Warfarin mechanism of action

A

Inhibits carboxylation of clotting factor II, VII, IX and X

think 1972

35
Q

a 60-year-old man with a history of tuberculosis presents with dyspnoea and fatigue. On examination the JVP is elevated, there is a loud S3 and Kussmaul’s sign is positive. Hepatomegaly is also noted

A

constrictive pericarditis

36
Q

a patient is noted to have persistent ST elevation 4 weeks after sustaining a myocardial infarction. Examination reveals bibasal crackles and the presence of a third and fourth heart sound

A

left ventricular aneurysm

37
Q

Malar flush is/are most characteristically seen in:

A

mitral stenosis

38
Q

Left ventricular free wall rupture

A

patient presents with acute heart failure secondary to tamponade.

  • raised JVP
  • pulsus paradox
  • diminished heart sounds
39
Q

A 25-year-old man is investigated for recurrent syncope and dyspnoea. On examination he has an ejection systolic murmur

example of:

A

hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

40
Q

A 70-year-old woman is found to have a pan-systolic murmur after presenting with dyspnoea. A soft S1 and split S2 is also noted

A

mitral regurgitation

41
Q

Continuous ‘machinery’ murmur

A

patent ductus arteriosus

42
Q

A patient is noted to have persistent ST elevation 4 weeks after sustaining a myocardial infarction. Examination reveals bibasal crackles and the presence of a third and fourth heart sound

most likely has

A

left ventricular aneurysm

43
Q

Collapsing pulse, wide pulse pressure, diastolic murmur

A

aortic regurgitation

44
Q

early diastolic murmur, high-pitched and ‘blowing’ in character

A

aortic regurgitation

45
Q

Progressive prolongation of the PR interval until a dropped beat occurs -

A

second degree heart block (Mobitz type 1)

46
Q

Persistent ST elevation following recent MI, no chest pain in a question is most likely to indicate:

A

Left ventricular aneurysm

47
Q

A 70-year-old man presents with chest pain and dyspnoea. On examination he has an ejection systolic murmur which radiates to his carotids

A

aortic stenosis

48
Q

Is characterized by decreased compliance, secondary to ventricular hypertrophy

A

hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

49
Q

a patient is noted to have a new early-to-mid systolic murmur 10 days after being admitted for a myocardial infarction

could be due to:

A

Ischaemia of the papillary muscle

50
Q

a 70-year-old man is treated with a beta-blocker to control his atrial fibrillation. A previous attempt to cardiovert him failed

example of

A

Permanent atrial fibrillation

51
Q

persistent ST elevation following recent MI, no chest pain

A

left ventricular aneurysm

52
Q

Causes predominately diastolic dysfunction

A

hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

53
Q

causes predominantly systolic dysfunction

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

54
Q

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy associated with what age group and why?

A
  • sudden death in young athletes due to ventricular arrhythmia
55
Q

right coronary artery originates from

A

anterior aortic sinus

56
Q

left coronary artery originates from

A

the left posterior aortic sinus

57
Q

Left coronary artery divides into

A
  • left anterior descending artery

- circumflex branches

58
Q

the right coronary artery gives off the…

A
  • posterior interventricular (descending) artery

- supplies right atrium and part of left atrium and SA node in 60% of cases

59
Q

what supplies the SA node in 60% of cases?

A
  • right coronary artery

Pass Medicine notes (34 decks)

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