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Cardio knowledge tutor Flashcards

1
Q

A man presents with pleuritic central chest pain and dyspnoea following a viral illness. His pain is worse when lying down is a stereotypical history of:

A

Acute pericarditis

Features

  • chest pain: may be pleuritic. Is often relieved by sitting forwards
  • other symptoms include non-productive cough, dyspnoea and flu-like symptoms
  • pericardial rub
  • tachypnoea
  • tachycardia
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2
Q

a 40-year-old female presents with dyspnoea and fatigue. On examination a mid-diastolic murmur is heard. An echocardiogram shows a pedunculated mass in the left atrium

A

Atrial myxoma

- non-cancerous tumour growing on upper side of heart, commonly on atrial septum

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3
Q

Betablockers side effects

A
  • bronchospasm
  • cold peripheries
  • fatigue
  • sleep disturbances
  • erectile dysfunction
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4
Q

With respect to infective endocarditis, which one of the following organisms is most associated with patients with no past medical history?

A

Staph aureus
- patients with no pmh

Strep viridians
- patients with poor dental hygiene

staph epidermis
- first 2 months following prosthetic valve surgery

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5
Q

Sound characteristic of mitral regurgitation

A

split s2

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6
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A

Inhibits the conversion angiotensin I to angiotensin II

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7
Q

a 50-year-old woman with a history of rheumatic fever presents with dyspnoea. On examination she is found to be in atrial fibrillation, with a loud S1, split S2 and a diastolic murmur

she most probably has?

A
  • mitral stenosis

- main cause is rheumatic fever

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8
Q

a 70-year-old woman is found to have a pan-systolic murmur after presenting with dyspnoea. A soft S1 and split S2 is also noted

A

mitral regurgitation

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9
Q

Ischaemic changes in leads I, aVL +/- V5-6 would be most likely caused by a lesion of the:

A

left circumflex

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10
Q

ischaemic changes in leads V1-V4

A

left anterior descending

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11
Q

quick comparison of aortic stenosis and mitral stenosis sounds?

A

aortic stenosis - soft s2, narrow pulse pressure, slow rising pulse

mitral stenosis - opening snap, low volume pulse

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12
Q

mitral regurgitation sound

A

soft s1

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13
Q

an ECG shows a constant PR interval but the P wave is often not followed by a QRS complex

A

second degree heart block

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14
Q

a man develops a cardiac arrest shortly after being admitted with a myocardial infarction. The ECG monitor shows rapid, irregular waveforms

A

ventricular fibrillation

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15
Q

progressive prolongation of the PR interval until a dropped beat occurs

A

type 1 second degree heart block

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16
Q

PR interval constant by P wave not followed by QRS complex

A

TYPE 2 SECOND DEGREE HEART BLOCK

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17
Q

Third degree heart block

A

no association between P waves and QRS complexes

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18
Q

ECG changes in II, III, aVF would be most likely caused by a lesion of the:

A

right coronary artery

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19
Q

what molecule responsible for carrying cholesterol into intima

A

LDL

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20
Q

ischaemic changes in leads V4-6, I, aVL

A

left anterior descending or left circumflex

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21
Q

patent ductus arteriosus sound

A

reversed split s2

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22
Q

mitral regurgitation sound

A
  • third heart sound
  • widely split s2
  • quiet s1
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23
Q

Mid-late diastolic murmur, ‘rumbling’ in character

A

mitral stenosis

Austin-Flint murmur (severe aortic regurgitation)

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24
Q

Holosystolic murmur, high-pitched and ‘blowing’ in character

A
  1. mitral regurgitation

2. tricuspid regurgitation

25
clinical signs of cardiac tamponade
- hypotension - raised JVP - muffled heart sounds becks triad
26
a 60-year-old man is found to have recurrent episodes of atrial fibrillation than terminate sponatenously after 1-2 days
paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
27
a 50-year-old man with no history of arrhythmia develops atrial fibrillation whilst being treated for pneumonia in hospital
first time atrial fibrillation
28
A patient develops acute heart failure 10 days following a myocardial infarction. On examination he has a raised JVP, pulsus paradoxus and diminished heart sounds is a stereotypical history of:
left ventricular free wall rupture
29
A 25-year-old man is investigated for recurrent syncope and dyspnoea. On examination he has an ejection systolic murmur is a stereotypical history of:
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy results in predominantly diastolic dysfunction left ventricle hypertrophy → decreased compliance → decreased cardiac output
30
Ischaemic changes in leads I, aVL +/- V5-6 would be most likely caused by a lesion of the:
left circumflex
31
low volume pulse often seen in:
mitral stenosis
32
dilated cardiomyopathy
- dilated heart leading to predominantly systolic dysfunction - all four chambers are dilated, LHS more so than RHS - alchohol abuse - feature of DMD
33
what might a collapsing pulse indicate?
- patent ductus arteriosus | - aortic regurgitation
34
Warfarin mechanism of action
Inhibits carboxylation of clotting factor II, VII, IX and X think 1972
35
a 60-year-old man with a history of tuberculosis presents with dyspnoea and fatigue. On examination the JVP is elevated, there is a loud S3 and Kussmaul's sign is positive. Hepatomegaly is also noted
constrictive pericarditis
36
a patient is noted to have persistent ST elevation 4 weeks after sustaining a myocardial infarction. Examination reveals bibasal crackles and the presence of a third and fourth heart sound
left ventricular aneurysm
37
Malar flush is/are most characteristically seen in:
mitral stenosis
38
Left ventricular free wall rupture
patient presents with acute heart failure secondary to tamponade. - raised JVP - pulsus paradox - diminished heart sounds
39
A 25-year-old man is investigated for recurrent syncope and dyspnoea. On examination he has an ejection systolic murmur example of:
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
40
A 70-year-old woman is found to have a pan-systolic murmur after presenting with dyspnoea. A soft S1 and split S2 is also noted
mitral regurgitation
41
Continuous 'machinery' murmur
patent ductus arteriosus
42
A patient is noted to have persistent ST elevation 4 weeks after sustaining a myocardial infarction. Examination reveals bibasal crackles and the presence of a third and fourth heart sound most likely has
left ventricular aneurysm
43
Collapsing pulse, wide pulse pressure, diastolic murmur
aortic regurgitation
44
early diastolic murmur, high-pitched and 'blowing' in character
aortic regurgitation
45
Progressive prolongation of the PR interval until a dropped beat occurs -
second degree heart block (Mobitz type 1)
46
Persistent ST elevation following recent MI, no chest pain in a question is most likely to indicate:
Left ventricular aneurysm
47
A 70-year-old man presents with chest pain and dyspnoea. On examination he has an ejection systolic murmur which radiates to his carotids
aortic stenosis
48
Is characterized by decreased compliance, secondary to ventricular hypertrophy
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
49
a patient is noted to have a new early-to-mid systolic murmur 10 days after being admitted for a myocardial infarction could be due to:
Ischaemia of the papillary muscle
50
a 70-year-old man is treated with a beta-blocker to control his atrial fibrillation. A previous attempt to cardiovert him failed example of
Permanent atrial fibrillation
51
persistent ST elevation following recent MI, no chest pain
left ventricular aneurysm
52
Causes predominately diastolic dysfunction
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
53
causes predominantly systolic dysfunction
dilated cardiomyopathy
54
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy associated with what age group and why?
- sudden death in young athletes due to ventricular arrhythmia
55
right coronary artery originates from
anterior aortic sinus
56
left coronary artery originates from
the left posterior aortic sinus
57
Left coronary artery divides into
- left anterior descending artery | - circumflex branches
58
the right coronary artery gives off the...
- posterior interventricular (descending) artery | - supplies right atrium and part of left atrium and SA node in 60% of cases
59
what supplies the SA node in 60% of cases?
- right coronary artery

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