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Caroline > NEURO LEC 9 TRACTS > Flashcards

NEURO LEC 9 TRACTS Flashcards

1
Q

sensory information vs. sensation

A

sensory information: stimulus that causes nerve impulses
sensation: awareness of stimuli

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2
Q

role of the thalamus and cortex in somatosensation

A

the thalamus relays to the somatosensory cortex which detects sensation, leading to perception

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3
Q

motor homunculus

A

medial to lateral: legs, head, arms, face

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4
Q

sensory homunculus

A

legs, trunk, arm, face

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5
Q

projection neurons

A

long axons that transmit sensory info over long distances (ex: SC to brain)

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6
Q

A first order neuron starts at the ____ and goes to the _____

A

Periphery

Brainstem/SC

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7
Q

A second order neuron starts at the ____ and goes to the _____

A

SC/Brainstem

Thalamus

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8
Q

A Third order neuron starts at the ____ and goes to the _____

A

Thalamus

Somatosensory Cortex

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9
Q

Where is the cell body of a 1st order neuron found?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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10
Q

How are spinal tracts named?

A

Origin and end of their 2nd order neuron

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11
Q

Concious vs Divergent pathways

A

Concious- Discriminitive information (example: pin point sharp pain)

Divergent- Not discriminitive (Example: achey pain in the entire limb)

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12
Q

Nonconcious relay pathways provide ______ information to cerebellum

A

nonconcious proprioceptive information

ex: coordination, balance, and posture adjustment

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13
Q

The dorsal tract is considered (Concious and/or divergent)

Whereas the Anteriolateral pathway is (Concious and/or divergent)

A

Dorsal- Concious

A/L - Both

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14
Q

For crude awareness, sensory info must get to ________

For concious awareness it must get to the _________

A

Thalamus

Somatosensory cortex

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15
Q

What are the 2 concious relay pathways

A

Dorsal columns and Anteriolateral columns

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16
Q

Senses of the dorsal column?

A

Conscious Proprioception, light touch, stereognosis, two point discrimination

remember its conscious so it will be detailed

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17
Q

Senses of the anterolateral column?

A

Discriminitive pain, temperature, crude touch

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18
Q

DCML 1st order neuron

A

peripheral receptors to medulla (gracile/cuneate nucleus)

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19
Q

DCML 2nd order neuron

A

medulla (gracile/cuneate nucleus) to VPL of thalamus

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20
Q

DCML 3rd order neuron

A

VPL of thalamus to contralateral primary somatosensory cortex

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21
Q

The dorsal column crosses sides in the ________

A

Internal arcuate fibers in the Medulla

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22
Q

The dorsal column travels from the medulla to the thalamus as Nucleus Gracilis OR Cuneatus

Gracilis is for ____ wherewas Cuneatus is for _________

A

Gracilis - lower body sensation

Cuneatus - upper body sensation

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23
Q

Where is the secondary somatosensory gyrus and what info does it process?

A

just behind the primary one

process more complex sensory information - stereognosis, sensory memories (past tactile experiences)

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24
Q

what are the two “types” of the spinothalamic tract?

A

anterolateral spinothalamic tract
paleospinothalamic tract

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25
Q

Anterolateral spinothalamic tract 1st order neuron

A

dorsal root ganglion to dorsal horn of SC

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26
Q

Anterolateral spinothalamic tract 2nd order neuron

A

dorsal horn of SC to VPL of thalamus

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27
Q

Anterolateral spinothalamic tract 3rd order neuron

A

VPL of thalamus to contralateral primary and secondary somatosensory cortex

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28
Q

The Dorsal column crosses in the _________ whereas the anteriolateral column crosses in the ___________

A

Medulla

Spinal Cord (same level it enters)

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29
Q

What is the difference between the anterior spinothalamic tract and the lateral?

A

Anterior- Crude touch

Lateral- Fast nocioception and temperature

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30
Q

True or false: The anterior and the lateral spinothalamic pathways ascend seperately in the spinal cord

A

False. they only seperate inside of the brain

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31
Q

In the anteriolateral tract, A-Delta fibers handle….

A

Fast nocioceptive sensation
- quick and precise

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32
Q

In the anteriolateral tract, A-delta and C fibers both handle…..

A

Temperature

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33
Q

In the anteriolateral tract, C fibers handle…..

A

Crude touch, dull aching pain
- slow and less precise

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34
Q

What is the region of the spinal cord called where the Anteriolateral tract crosses?

A

Anterior Commissure

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35
Q

If someone has a lesion on the R side of their spinal cord, their sense of crude touch will be effected (Contralaterally/Ipsilaterally) whereas their sense discrimitive touch will be effected (Contralaterally/Ipsilaterally)

A

Crude touch- Contralaterally; Anterior Spinothalamic (crosses at SC entry level)

DIscrimitive touch- Ipsilaterally (DCML doesnt cross until medulla!)

Note: this has to do with where it crosses

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36
Q

If a slow nociceptive signal reaches concious awareness, it goes through what pathway?

A

Spino-emotional

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37
Q

Slow medial nociceptive pathways are: (Divergent/Concious/Non-concious)

A

Divergent

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38
Q

The slow-medial nociception tract is a divergent pathway and will lead to what 3 responses following pain?

A

emotional response
autonomic activation (inc HR)
reflexive actions (looking at injury)

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39
Q

What spinal tract deals with you looking at an injury after it happens?

A

Spinomesencephalic (slow-medial nociception)

Goes to the superior colliculus and periaqueductal grey - the former deals with vision and is in the posterior midbrain while the latter deals with control pain sensations

Spinomesencephalic tract plays a role in inhibiting or controlling pain sensations

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40
Q

Slow-Medial Nociception 1st order neurons are always what kind of fibers?

A

C fibers

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41
Q

1st order neuron of the slow-medial nociception pathway

A

C fibers to dorsal horn of SC

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42
Q

2nd order neuron(s) slow-medial nociception pathway

A

spino-emotional: medial/intralaminar thalamuc nuclei –> emotional and cognitive areas

spinomesencephalic: superior colliculus, periaqueductal gray (orienting and pain modulation)

spinoreticular: reticular formation (arousal, attention)

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43
Q

Slow-Medial Nociception pathways cross where?

A

Immediately in the spinal cord

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44
Q

where is subconscious temperature transmitted to?

A

reticular formation, thalamus, subcortical nuclei, and hypothalamus

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45
Q

if subconscious temperature does not reach conscious awareness, it affects…

A

arousal and autonomic regulation
–> HR, BP, sweating (automatic bodily function adjustment)

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46
Q

spinocerebellar tract functions

A

unconscious postural movement adjustment

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47
Q

spinocerebellar tract is conscious/divergent/nonconscious and relays info from what region of the body?

A

nonconscious, LE and lower body

48
Q

What are the spinocerebellar tracts?

A

postero/dorsal spinocerebellar tract
cueneocerebellar tract
anterior/ventral spinocerebellar tract
rostrospinocerebellar tract

49
Q

What is the only spinocerebellar tract that crosses?

A

Anterior/ventral spinocerebellar

50
Q

Where does the dorsal spinocerebellar and the cuneocerebellar tract cross?

A

They dont cross.

51
Q

Where is the clarks nucleus for 1st order neurons in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract found?

A

C8/T1-L2

Note: because this tract is only for the Lower body!

52
Q

what is the function of the posterior/dorsal spinocerebellar pathway?

A

Carrying unconscious proprioceptive information from the LOWER extremity and trunk

53
Q

what is the 1st order neuron of the posterior spinocerebellar tract

A

muscle spindles, GTOs, and joint receptors in LE to dorsal horn of SC (Clarks nucleus)

54
Q

what is the 2nd order neuron of the posterior spinocerebellar tract

A

Clarks nucleus to cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle

55
Q

what is the function of the cuneocerebellar tract

A

Carrying unconscious proprioceptive information from the UPPER extremity

56
Q

where do the 1st and 2nd order neurons of the cuneocerebellar pathway synapse?

A

lateral cuneate nucleus in medulla

57
Q

where does the cuneocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum through?

A

inferior peduncles

58
Q

The dorsal spinocerebellar and the cuneocerebellar go through the _____ peduncle whereas the Anterior spinocerebellar tract goes through the _____ peduncle

A

Inferior Peduncle

Superior Peduncle

59
Q

Describe the crossing that happens at the anterior spinocerebellar tract

A

Most fibers cross twice to end up on same side, whereas some fibers go to contralateral side. Each side of brain receives fibers from BOTH sides of body to assist in coordination.

60
Q

what are the functions of the anterior/ventral spinocerebellar tract?

A

carries proprioceptive info from the LOWER body to the cerebellum, especially related to muscle activity and movement patterns

61
Q

what is the 1st order neuron for the anterior/ventral spinocerebellar tract?

A

muscle spindles, GTOs, and joint receptors in LE to dorsal horn of SC

62
Q

what is the 2nd order neuron for the anterior/ventral spinocerebellar tract?

A

dorsal horn of SC –> SUPERIOR cerebellar peduncle –> cerebellum

63
Q

Where does the anterior/ventral spinocerebellar tract’s cross?

A

First in spinal cord immediately, then again in cerebellum

64
Q

True or false: The Rostrospinocerebellar tract crosses in the spinal cord

A

False, it does not cross!

65
Q

What does the reticulospinal tract control?

A

Posture

66
Q

what is the function of the rostrospinocerebellar tract?

A

transmits proprioceptive info

67
Q

Where does the rostrospinocerebellar tract relay information from?

A

From cervical spinalcord + T1 to cerebellum at both inferior AND superior peduncles

68
Q

what are the primary output cells of the cortex

A

pyramidal cells

69
Q

what are the 3 fiber types of white matter?

A

projection fibers
commissural fibers
association fibers

70
Q

What do projection fibers connect?

A

Connect cortex with other areas of CNS

71
Q

what is an example of a projection fiber

A

internal capsule

72
Q

internal capsule

A

bundle of myelinated nerve fibers that act as a major communication pathway between cortex and brainstem/SC
- coordinates voluntary movement

73
Q

what 3 structures surround the internal capsule

A

putamen
globus pallidus
caudate nucleus

74
Q

What do association fibers connect?

A

Connect nearby parts of the brain within the same hemisphere

75
Q

what are 4 examples of association fibers?

A

cingulum
short association fibers
superior longitudinal fasciculus
inferior longitudinal fasciculus

76
Q

What do commissural fibers connect?

A

Connect identical parts of the R and L cortex to eachother

77
Q

what are 2 examples of commissural fibers?

A

corpus callosum
anterior commissure

78
Q

Motor tracts that originate in the cortex are _______ whereas if they originate in the brainstem they are __________

A

Pyramidal

Extrapyramidal

(extrapyramidal=outside cortex)

79
Q

what do motor tracts synapse with?

A

alpha motor neurons
gamma motor neurons
interneurons in brainstem/SC

80
Q

In the cortex, Posture/gross movements synapse (medially/laterally)

Whereas fine movements synapse (medially/Laterally)

A

Gross = medially

Fine = Laterally

81
Q

what are pyramidal tracts?

A

motor pathways that control voluntary movement

82
Q

where do motor pathways originate?

A

pre central cortex

83
Q

what is the difference between the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex?

A

primary motor cortex: voluntary movement
premotor cortex: planning and coordination of movement

84
Q

what are the two “types” of the corticospinal tract?

A

lateral (distal) cortiospinal tract
medial (proximal) corticospinal tract

85
Q

The Pyramidal Corticospinal tract does what?

A

Lateral- Fractional distal limb movements
Medial- automatic/proximal trunk postural movememts

86
Q

where does the lateral corticospinal tract originate from?

A

primary motor cortex

87
Q

where does the medial corticospinal tract originate?

A

premotor cortex

88
Q

where does the lateral corticospinal tract descend through?

A

lateral funiculus

89
Q

where does the medial corticospinal tract descend through?

A

medial funiculus

90
Q

where do the medial and lateral corticospinal tracts synapse?

A

on interneurons or motor neurons in the ventral horn

91
Q

where does the lateral corticospinal cross?

A

pyramidal decussation of medulla

92
Q

where does the medial CST cross?

A

uncrossed

93
Q

flexor extensor rule

A

MNs for flexor muscles: posteriorly in ventral horn

MNs for extensor muscles: anteriorly in ventral horn

94
Q

proximal distal rule

A

MNs for proximal muscles: medially in the ventral horn

MNs for distal muscles: laterally in the ventral horn

95
Q

What does the pyramidal (descending) corticobulbar tract do?

A

Motor control at the face

96
Q

where does the corticobulbar tract cross?

A

at the brainstem at different levels for each cranial nerves

97
Q

postcentral somatosensory cortex?

A

receives sensory input to guide motor planning and execution

98
Q

anatomy of the motor pyramidal tracts

A

the tracts for the legs are more lateral
the tracts for the face are more medial

99
Q

what are extrapyramidal tracts?

A

they originate outside the cerebrum and are responsible for involuntary movement and postural control, coordination/gross motor skills

100
Q

What are the 3 extrapyramidal tracts called?

A

Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal
Rubrospinal

101
Q

What does the reticulospinal tract control?

A

Posture and gross movements of the trunk and proximal muscles

anticipatory movements

102
Q

where does the reticulospinal tract cross?

A

uncrossed

103
Q

What does the vestibulospinal tract control?

A

maintains balance and posture based on position of head

neck, back, and postural muscles

104
Q

where does the vestibulospinal tract cross?

A

medial: brainstem
lateral: uncrossed

105
Q

what is the function of the rubrospinal tract?

A

facilitates upper limb distal muscle activity

106
Q

where does the rubrospinal tract cross?

A

midbrain (at red nucleus)

*rubro means red

107
Q

tracts that are active during intense emotions

A

ceruleospinal
raphespinal

108
Q

ceruleospinal tract. origin

A

locus coeruleus (junction of midbrain and pons)

109
Q

ceruleospinal tract neurotransmitter

A

norepinephrine

110
Q

ceruleospinal tract function

A

provides tonic facilitation of spinal motor neurons for motor control

111
Q

raohespinal tract origin

A

raphe nuclei (upper medulla)

112
Q

raohespinal tract neurotransmitter

A

serotonin

113
Q

raohespinal tract function

A

modulates spinal motor neurons influencing motor and emotional responses

114
Q

What is the purpose of the premotor cortex?

A

Prepares for movement (especially movement that involves multiple joints)

115
Q

What is the purpose of the supplementary motor cortex?

A

Active prior to initiating movments that require specific sequence

116
Q

Identify this part of the brain

A

Supplementary motor cortex

117
Q

Identify this part of the brain

A

Premotor cortex

Caroline (20 decks)

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