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Caroline > NEURO LEC 17 COGNITION, CONSCIOUSNESS, ATTN, LANGUAGE > Flashcards

NEURO LEC 17 COGNITION, CONSCIOUSNESS, ATTN, LANGUAGE Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of cognition

A

the process by which we come to know the world

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2
Q

Cognition is the ability to
* attend to ____ stimuli or _____ motivation
* identify significance of such stimuli
* make meaningful responses

A

External
Internal

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3
Q

What is the primary function of the temporoparietal association cortex?

A

Cognitive intelligence

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4
Q

What is the primary function of the dorsolateral prefrontal areas?

A
  • Self awareness
  • Executive functions (goals and plans)
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5
Q

What is the primary function of the medial dorsal prefrontal area?

A

Perceives others’ emotions, making assumptions of their beliefs/intentions

medial Dorsal, D for delusions

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6
Q

What is the primary function of the ventral prefrontal cortex?

A

Connects with areas of mood and affect

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7
Q

Lesion to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex looks like

A

Executive dysfunction, loss of willpower, loss of focus, not self aware

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8
Q

Lesion to orbital cortex looks like

A

Disinhibition, irritability, impulsiveness

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9
Q

Lesion to ventromedial prefrontal cortex looks like

A

Apathy

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10
Q

Lesion to medial dorsal prefrontal cortex looks like

A

Paranoia, delusions

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11
Q

What is the Theory of hemispheric specialization?

A

To reduce connection times of signals going long distances

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12
Q

Highly skilled movements performed by R handed people are _____ hemispheric dominant

A

Left

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13
Q

Handedness and other aspects of lateralization are not present till age ____

A

3 or 4

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14
Q

If a lesion occurs at a younger age, language and other dominant side functions move to ______ side with preservation of ____ likely

A

nondominant
function

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15
Q

What is the name of the commissural fibers connecting homologous structures of sides of cerebral cortex?

A

Corpus Callosum

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16
Q

What are the 5 dominant (usually L) functions?

A
  • Language
  • Skilled motor planning
  • Math - sequence, analytic calculations
  • Music - sequential, analytic skills in trained musicians
  • Sense of direction - following written directions in sequence
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17
Q

What are the 5 nondominant (usually R) functions?

A
  • Prosody - emotion, tone of voice
  • Visual spatial analysis and spatial attention
  • Math - estimate quantities, aligning #s into columns
  • Music - in untrained musicians and complex performance in trained musicians
  • Sense of direction - navigating your way due to sense of spatial orientation/awareness
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18
Q

Which side does sequential, analytic calculations?

A

left

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19
Q

Which side does emotion, tone of voice?

A

Right

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20
Q

Which side does following written directions in sequence?

A

Left

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21
Q

Which side does music in untrained musicians and complex performance in untrained musicians?

A

right

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22
Q

which side does sequential, analytic skills in trained musicians?

A

left

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23
Q

which side does navigating your way due to sense of spatial orientation/awareness?

A

right

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24
Q

if there is a lesion in the white matter between visual cortex and language processing areas, what can the person do, and what can’t they do?

A

Can see but can no longer read

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25
conduction aphasia - what is the hallmark of this syndrome?
cant repeat a Disconnection syndrome where disconnect between understanding and speech produciton occurs can understand and speak fluently but cant repeat
26
what is a corpus callosotomy?
a "split brain" procedure for severe epilepsy
27
what are the 3 levels of consciousness?
The triple A's: Alertness Attention Awareness
28
What is defined as: the normal functioning of brainstem and diencephalic arousal circuits and cortex?
Alertness
29
What has the same circuits as for alertness?
Attention
30
What is attention?
Same circuits as those for alertness AND processing in **frontoparietal** association cortex
31
What is awareness?
* Subjective and personal experiences * Ability to combine higher order systems from various parts of the brain into united, efficient summary of mental activity * Poorly understood anatomically
32
Where is the reticular formation embedded in?
Tegmentum
33
What makes up the rostral RF + related structures?
RF of midbrain and upper pons and continuous with certain nuclei of diencephalon rostrally
34
What makes up the caudal RF + related structures?
RF of pons and medulla with intermediate zone of SC caudally
35
What is the rostral RF in charge of?
Conscious state in the forebrain
36
What is the caudal RF in charge of?
Motor, reflex (gag, cough, survival ones), and autonomic functions
37
What can a coma occur from?
* Lesion in rostral RF and related structures * Massive damage to B cerebral cortex regions * Damage to B thalamus
38
T/F: More caudal and/or ventral brainstem lesions can cause coma
False They don't! Only ones in the rostral RF cause a coma.
39
What is a coma NOT?
* Persistent vegetative state (still have sleep wake cycle open eyes, respiration) * Minimally conscious state * Locked-In Syndrome
40
Maintence of alertness is ran by multiple parallel systems where? (3 Places)
upper brainstem and diencephalic junction Brainstem that projects -> Cortical/forebrain Brainstem that projects -> thalamus/hypothalamus Hypothalamus Thalamic nuclei
41
The reticular formation (including RAS) receives input from sensory systems, especially the ________________ involved in pain
anterolateral system spinoreticular pathway Pain can make you more alert!
42
The ___________ hypothalamus projects to the arousal system to do what
Posteriolateral hypothalamus keep you awake
43
What cortical areas project to the reticular formation to allow emotion & cognition to impact alertness
Several areas from the association cortex and limbic cortex
44
What are the 4 kinds of attention?
**Sustained attention** - vigilance, concentration, nondistractability **Switching**- changing from 1 task to another **Selective**- ability to focus on something more than other things **Divided**- Preforming 2 or more tasks at the same time
45
Before a person can be attentive, they must be:
In an awake/alert state
46
What areas of the brain provide motivation that allows us to be ATTENTIVE?
Anterior cingulate gyrus, amygdala, other limbic structures
47
What hemisphere is dominant in language for R handed people? What hemisphere is dominant in language for L handed people?
L hemisphere is dominant 95% of the time L hemisphere is dominant 60-70% of the time
48
Many L handed people have _____________ reprentations for language, especially if family has history of L handedness
Bilateral cortical
49
# * Wernicke's area is found within L/R ______________ cortex
L parietotemporal cortex
50
the _______ gyrus is connected to wernickes area for comprehending spoken and written language
Angular Gyrus - assists w/ complex language
51
What connects wernicke's and brocas?
Arcuate Fasciculus
52
The nondominant side language abilities: Area equivelant to wernickes:
Comprehends emotion or tone of voice (if you've got wernicke's on the left, this area is on the right)
53
The nondominant side language abilities: Area equivelant to Brocas:
Controls your own tone of voice and gestures in communication
54
Wernicke's vs Broca's aphasia
Wernicke's- fluent w/ words but words have no meaning Broca's- know what you want to say but have trouble sayingit
55
Conduction aphasia lesion location
Lesion to arcuate fasciculus Can hear but cannot repeat it back
56
Global aphasia-
Both speaking and understanding are impaired to some degree
57
Agraphia
Inability to write
58
what are association cortices?
higher order processing, regions of the cortex that process and integrate info from primary sensory, motor cortices and thalamus and brainstem
59
1 and 4
medial dorsol prefrontal
60
2 and 6
parietotemporal association cortex
61
3 and 5 (different)
3 - ventral prefrontal 5 - dosolateral prefrontal
62
What areas of the brain take care of major functions of consciousness?
medial and lateral **frontoparietal** association cortex and arousal circuits of upper brainstem and diencephalon
63
cognition is the _______ cortex consciousness is the _____ association cortex
parietotemporal frontoparietal
64
seratonin role in consciousness and location
generalized arousal level raphe nucleus
65
Norepi role in consciousness and location
attention locus coeruleus & medial reticular zone
66
Ach role in consciousness and location
selection of objection of attention based on goals pedunculopntine nucleus
67
dopamine role in consciousness and location
motivation, cognition (and motor) ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra RAPHE LOCUS PEDO
68
motor impersistence
involuntary cessation to hold posture randomly stop walking on treadmill bc your attn stops
69
where is brocas area?
frontal lobe by the L inferior frontal gyrus
70
define anomia neologisms
anomia - cant find words neologisms - made up words
71
what are two communication disorders that are not language disorders?
oral motor dyspraxia (motor planning) dysarthria (weak speech muscles)

Caroline (78 decks)

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