NEURO LEC 12: ANS Flashcards by Chavez Girls

What is the control center of the ANS?

Hypothalamus

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Sympathetic NT

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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PNS NT

Ach

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The ANS projects to the sympathetic NS in ________ parasympathetic ganglia in the ________

T1-L2/L3

Brainstem and S2-S4

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The Afferent components of the ANS carry sensory information from _______ to the CNS

Organs/tissues

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How does the ANS infleunce cardiopulm function

Regulates rate and depth of respiration

Regulates the diameter of bronchial lumen

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Blood glucose and electrolytes are monitored where?

IN hypothalamus

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Stretch receptors are found in the ___________

pressure receptors are found in the ________

Veins, bladder, intenstines

Aorta, carotid sinus, lungs

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What are 4 kinds of receptors that the ANS uses?

Mechanoreceptors

chemoreceptors

nociceptors

thermoreceptors

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How does the ANS regulate homeostasis

-Cardiopulm

-metabolism

-regulate body temp

-regulate autonomic responses

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Visceral Nociceptive afferents connect with somatic efferents to cause __________

Muscle guarding in skeletal muscles

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What is the fx of the solitary nucleus

viseral input (CN 7, 9, 10) converges onto solitary nucleus in medulla. (synapse point)

ANS afferents

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Afferents of the ANS enter the CNS through what part of the spinal cord?

Dorsal Root

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What is the area of the brainstem that controls vitals?

reticular formation - complex neural network that extends vertically throughout the brainstem

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The medulla regulates vitals through autonomic efferents and the ____

Vagus N

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The Medulla regulates what vitals?

Pons?

Medulla- HR, Respiration, Vasoconstrict/dilation

Pons- Only respiration

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Most visceral input coming into the brainstem via cranial nerves converges in the

Solitary nucleus 7, 9, 10

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Visceral information reaching the hypothalamus us used to ______. They hypothalamus does this through…

maintain equilibrium in the interior of the body (cardiorespiratory, metabolic, water resorption, digestive activity)

hypothalamus does this via acting on pituitary gland, control centers in brainstem and SC

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Whats the role of the thalamus/hypothalamus/limbic system in the ANS?

Modulate autonomic brainstem control

(think, medulla and pons control, while hypothalamus, thalamus and limbic modulate!)

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all preganglionic neurons in ANS release ____ (NT) and bind to what receptors?

release Ach which binds to nicotinic receptors on the post-ganglionic neuron

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postganglionic neurons in PNS release ___ (NT) which binds to what receptors?

releases Ach which binds to muscarinic receptors on target tissues

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most sympathetic postganglionic neurons release ____ (NT) which binds to what receptors?

release norepinephrine, which binds to adrenergic receptors (a and B receptors) on target organ

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neurons that release ach are called

neurons that release norepi or epi are called

ach = cholinergic

norepi and epi = adrenergic

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Norepinephrine is found inside of ___________

Whereas epinephrine is only found ____________

Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Only in andrenal medulla

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parkinsons is degermation of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to a dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia. what are the motor symptoms associated?

TRAP tremors, rigidity, akinesia (bradykinesia), postural instability **NOTE - it will also impair cognition, mood and emotions, sleep, sensory and ANS dysfxn and hyposmia

What is the enteric nervous system?

Lies within the gut for **peristalsis** and **GI secretions**

Neurons from CNS to ganglion are **preganglionic**, also called Neurons from Ganglion to effector organ are called **postganglionic**, AKA

A-beta fibers C fibers

Somatic efferent pathways use ______ neuron(s) in the peripheral system and autonomic efferent pathways have ______ neuron(s) with synapse outside the CNS

1 2

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic NS have cell bodies where?

Inside of the lateral horn in T1-L2/3 (note: they exit through ventral nerve root to spinal nerve)

where are the postganglionic SNS cell bodies?

paravertebral ganglion

Which type of fibers travel farther? Pre-ganglionic or post-ganglionic

SNS post ganglionic PNS pre gang,ionic

**Where** is there a 1 neuron connection within the sympathetic nervous system?

1 neuron connection directly to adrenal medulla the rest use 2 neurons

Difference between mid/thoracic and upper lumbar vs. the upper thoracic SNS?

Midthoracic and upper lumbar nerves **travel** through the sympathetic trunk upper thoracic nerves **synapse** inside of sympathetic trunk

SNS tracts to the **periphery and thoracic viscera** synapse where?

**Paravertebral** ganglia (sympathetic trunk)

SNS tracts to the **pelvic/abdominal** organs synapse where?

**prevertebral** ganglia (close to the organs)

Sympathetic efferents to the head originate in the ________ and synapse in the ________

Hypothalamus Upper T Spine

What is the MAIN function of the SNS?

promote optimal circulation to organs

Increases SNS activity _______ vessels, lessened SNS activity ________ vessels

constricts dilates

how does the SNS control body temp?

sweating piloerection (goosebumps) to trap warm air controls diameter of blood vessels in skinare more ventilated but dont get as much blood

How does the SNS prepare for vigorous exercise?

vasodilation to active muscles vasoconstriction to gut and skin

How is the ANS important for a sit to stand?

Sympathetic nervous system constricts vessels to allow for adequate control of blood pressure and prevent orthostatic hypertension

T or F: Parasympathetic NS dilates blood vessels

False, it doesn't directly control blood vessel diameter, only the sympathetic NS does this.

Which nervous system is fight or flight which is rest and digest?

Symp- Fight or flight Para - rest and digest

Does the PNS have an interconnected ganglia chain like the sympathetic NS?

Where are the 2 neuronal pathways of the PNS found?

Brainstem and Sacral cord.

Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic NS?

3, 7 , 9, 10 Basically anything with eyelid, anything with swallowing

Nucleus ambiguus is associated with what 2 cranial nerves?

9,10

From the lateral horn of the sacral SC, the axons travel in the splanchnic nerves to ____________ and _______________

Bowel/Bladder and genitalia

the parasympathetic nervous system ______ the pupils the sympathetic nervous system ________ the pupils

constricts dilates

the parasympathetic nervous system _______ the airways the sympathetic nervous system ________ the airways

constricts dilates

Which nervous system stimulates peristalsis?

Parasympathetic

What are examples of bodily systems that receive a **balanced** input from sympathetic and parasympathetic

Thoracic/abdominal viscera + Bowel/bladder + pupil

Sympathetic nervous system is **not opposed** in what systems? (Not countered by parasympathetic output)

Controlling effectors in limbs, face, bodywall, raising eye lid

Where is parasympathetic NS acting unopposed?

Increasing the convexity of the eye

Where is the breathing rhythm generator found?

Anterior medulla Note: balances calm vs arousal

What is the Locus Coeruleus for?

arousal, alertness, anxiety

What can inhibit the locus coeruleus and decrease anxiety/arousal

**slow breathing** can allow subgroups of neurons from the breathing rhythm generator in the medulla to inhibit the LC

During freezing in the fight or flight response, what is activated?

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic' note: bradycardia, immobility, combined with heightened alertness to pepare for action

What is the purpose of freezing (fight or flight)

to optimize perception of threat and select action

During freezing, first the __________ recognizes the threat and sends info to the ________ and anterior medulla to stimulate ____________

amygdala hypothalamus sympathetic NS note: this is only 1 part, the Amygdala also activates the parasymp through another pathway

During freezing the amygdala activates the parasympathetic NS which communicates with the ________ causing ________ to **reduce heart rate** and **inhibit** medulla and skeletal muscle **contractions**

Midbrain CN 10 (Vagus N)

Once fight/flight starts _______ decreases and ___________ increases

parasymp symp

Horners syndrome

lesion of sympathetic pathway to face ipsilateral ptosis (drooping eyelid) miosis (pupil consrict) Redness Sweating

What can cause horner syndrome?

**Damage to preganglionic nerve** in upper thoracic SC, superior cervical ganglion, or cervical sympathetic trunk

horner syndrome can be a side effect due to what

stellate ganglion chemical block used to treat complex regional pain syndrome

Peripheral nerve injuries can damage sympathetic efferents causing....

problems with circulation, temp control, sweating, causing skin changes

Complete injuries in the ___________ impair B/B function and sexual function

Lumbar SC

Autonomic dysreflexia is caused by injuries above what level?

T5/T6 note: life threatening condition

What is autonomic dysreflexia?

Irritatant below level of lesion causes **ascending** sympathetic response that cannot be inhibited for balanced BP control. heightened sympathetic response causes rapid BP increase

With autonomic dysreflexia you have _____ blood pressure and _______ heart rate

increased BP Decreased HR

What should you do in the case of autonomic dysreflexia

Induce orthostatic hypotension (to reduce BP) Check for irritant call for help

Brainstem injuries vs cerebral injuries

**Brainstem** - impaired efferent control of vitals, dysfunction of CN nucei (pupil, tears, saliva, control of viscera) **Cerebral injuries**- Damage to hypothalamus interferes with homeostasis with metabolic and behavioral impairments

Orthostatic hypotension definition

decrease of 20mmHG or 10mmHG diastolic during 1st 3 mins of upright posture note: pooling of blood in lower limbs and abdomen causes decreased cardiac output and BP

How can a SCI cause orthostatic hypotension

disruption of **descending signals** from medulla to sympatheitc preganglionic nerves prevents vasoconstriction

autonomic degen disorders like ________ can cause orthostatic hypotension

parkinson's

How can peripheral neuropathies cause orthostatic hypotension

damage to peripheral nerves interupt signals from SC to effectors that go to blood vessels

What is neural reflexive syncope

sympathetic overactivity caused by emotional distress, pain, pressure on carotid sinus causing strong heart contractions and activating CN10 medulla inhibits sympathetic nervous system to allow **vasodilation** and stimulates CN 10 to **reduce HR** (**Vasovagal syncope**)