NEURO LAB 1 Flashcards
What structure is this?
Pyramidal & pyramidal decussation
What is the function of Pyramidal & pyramidal decussation?
The crossing of the corticospinal tract so that the brain controls the opposite side of the body.
Gray matter
-unmyelinated axons
-process information, release new information
-control movement, memory, emotions
White matter
-myelinated axons
-messages pass between different areas of gray matter within the CNS
-conduct, process, and send nerve signals up and down the spinal cord
What is the function of the Gracile fasciculus
main touch pathway: carries sensory information (fine touch, proprioception, and vibration) from the lower body (below T6)
What structure is this?
cerebellum
What is the function of then Cuneate fasciculus
carries sensory information (fine touch, proprioception, and vibration) from the upper body (above T6)
Identify what spinal region is depicted
Identify the gracile fasciculus, gray matter, and white matter.
Cervical
What is the function of the cerebellum?
coordinates movement
Identify what spinal region is depicted
Identify the gracile fasciculus, gray matter, and white matter.
Thoracic
Identify what spinal region is depicted
Identify the gracile fasciculus, gray matter, and white matter.
Lumbar
What structure does the spinal cord extend from?
medulla oblongata
Identify what spinal region is depicted
Identify the gracile fasciculus, gray matter, and white matter.
Sacral
What is the order from smallest to largest of the gray matter in the different spinal cord levels?
Thoracic, Cervical, Lumbar, Sacral
Why does the cervical, lumbar, and sacral have the largest amounts of grey matter?
They have more motor neuronal cell bodies in their ventral horn in order to innervate the upper and lower limbs.
What is the order from smallest to largest of the white matter in the different spinal cord levels?
Sacral, Lumbar, Thoracic, Cervical
What is the function of the spinal cord?
pathway for messages sent
by the brain to the body and
from the body to the brain.
What is the order from smallest to largest of the gracile fasciculus in the different spinal cord levels?
sacral, lumbar, thoracic, cervical
What structure is this?
uncus
What is the function of the uncus?
- olfactory processing (smell) as it is part of the olfactory cortex.
- role in memory and emotion through its connections with the amygdala and hippocampus.
gracile nucleus
-dorsal column nuclei
-sensation of fine touch and proprioception of the lower body
what structure is this?
parahippocampal gyrus
what is the function of the parahippocampal gyrus?
- memory formation- spatial memory (memory of environments and locations).
cuneate nucleus
carries infö from the upper body and upper limbs
What is the function of the cervical nerves?
- The cervical nerves control sensory and motor functions
Is this the inferior or superior part of the medulla? How do you know?
Inferior medulla
- presence of cuneate and gracile nucleus along with the pyramidal decussation
Label the identified lobes of the brain
What is the main function of the frontal lobe?
*Higher cognitive functions - decision-making, problem-solving, planning
Motor control - contains the primary motor cortex (voluntary movement)
Social behavior, emotions and personality
What is the main function of the parietal lobe?
Sensory integration (touch, pain, temperature), and also spatial and body awareness
Helps you interact and navigate the world around you
What is the main function of the occipital lobe?
Visual processing and interpretation -color, form and motion
What is the main function of the temporal lobe?
Auditory processing (primary auditory cortex), some vestibular, memory
what is the function of the Inferior olivary nucleus?
Coordinates signal from the spinal cord to the cerebellum to regulate motor coordination and learning
what is the function of the Corticospinal tract?
collection of axons that carry movement-related information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord; part of the descending spinal tract system that originate from the cortex or brainstem
what structure is this?
corticospinal tract
(pyramid tract)
what is the function of the Middle cerebellar peduncle?
connects the cerebellum to the pons; largest afferent system of the cerebellum; pontocerebellar tract fibers arising from the contralateral pontine nuclei
?
what is the function of the 4th ventricle?
protect the human brain from trauma and to help form the central canal; roof and floor; cushioning effect
what is the function of the cerebellar peduncles?
main highway for signals that need to be transported to/from the cerebellum to other parts of the central nervous system; motor control, balance, posture
what is the function of the cerebral aqueduct?
narrow 15 mm conduit that allows for cerebrospinal uid (CSF) to ow between the third ventricle and fourth ventricle
what is the function of the periaqueductal gray matter? Where is it located
modulation and propagation of pain, sympathetic responses; learning and action of defensive and aversive behavior
Around cerebral aqueduct
what is the function of the inferior colliculus?
sound localization, frequency determination, and integration of auditory with non-auditory systems
what is the function of the superior colliculus? Where would you see this
visual, auditory, and somatosensory information are integrated to initiate motor commands to the eyes; receives signals from the retina, orienting reflex
Superior midbrain
what is the function of the substantia nigra? Where would you find this
production of dopamine (reward); body movements; chemical signaling-affects learning, mood, judgment, decision-making and other processes
Midbrain
what is the function of the cerebral Peduncles?
Cerebral peduncles - cerebrum to brain stem, have many tracts
assist in refining motor movements, learning new motor skills, and converting proprioceptive information into balance and posture maintenance; corticospinal, corticopontine, corticobulbar tracts run through here
what strucutre is labelled in red?
middle cerebellar peduncle
what structure is in green?
4th ventricle
what structure is in blue?
corticospinal tract
what structure is in red?
periaqueductal gray matter
what structure is in orange?
cerebral aqueduct
what structure is in green?
superior colliculus
In superior midbrain
what structure is in blue?
substantia nigra
Where is the post central gyrus located and what is its main function?
In the parietal lobe, contains the primary somatosensory cortex (processing sensory input)
Where is the precentral gyrus and what is its main function?
In the frontal lobe, contains the primary motor cortex (controls voluntary movements of the CONTRALATERAL side)
The central sulcus is also referred to as the
rolandic fissure
What does the central sulcus seperate?
Frontal and parietal lobes AKA the motor and sensory complexes
The lateral Sulcus is also referred to as
Sylvian fissure
What does the lateral sulcus separate?
the temporal loves from the frontal and parietal lobe
What is the main function of the cerebellum?
Coordinates movement!
also balance, motor learning
What is the function of the Pons?
regulates breathing rhythm with the medulla, regulates sleep-wake cycle
communication bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum
What is the main function of the medulla?
controls autonomic vitals such as heart rate, BP, and reflexes
Mammillary bodies are part of the ____ system and have what major function?
Limbic system
links emotions to memories and helps with memory recall
The fusiform gyrus is also called the ___ gyrus, and helps with what?
occipital/temporal
high level facial recognition, object recognition, letter/word recognition (reading)
The inferior olive sends signals to the cerebellum regarding what?
fine-tuning movement - timing, comparing intended with achieved movements
Label the identified structures
Label the identified structure
Mammillary bodies
Label the identified structure
Inferior olive
Label the identifies structure
Fusiform gyrus
Identify the following 4 landmarks
