NEURO LEC 8: CRANIAL NERVES Flashcards

1
Q

How many cranial nerves come from the midbrain?

A

2

CN 3 and 4

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2
Q

How many cranial nerves come from the pons?

A

4

CN 5, 6, 7, 8

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3
Q

How many cranial nerves come from the medulla?

A

4

CN 9, 10, 11, 12

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4
Q

Why are cranial nerve 1 and 2 susceptible to MS disease

A

They are innervated by oligodendricytes instead of schwann cells due to location (they don’t leave the CNS)

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5
Q

What is the only sensory nerve that reaches the cortex WITHOUT going through the thalamus

A

olfactory

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6
Q

define anosmia

A

loss of smell

remember much information related to taste is olfactory in origin

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7
Q

Where does the optic nerve cross?

A

The optic chiasm

Note: the optic tract is between the chiasm and the brain

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8
Q

if a lesion occurs on a R option nerve, what will the visual field look like?

A

right eye blind

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9
Q

if a lesion occurs at the optic chiasm, how is the visual field impacted?

A

loss of lateral visual fields on both eyes

the lateral fields (temporal) cross over at chiasm

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10
Q

If a lesion occurs on the R optic tract, how is the visual field impacted?

A

loss of left visual field on both eyes

the L temporal crosses over to R side and R nasal will stay ipsilateral, forming the tract together

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11
Q

What nerve is responsible for pupil constriction AND orienting head and eyes (Saccadic, reflex neck movement)

A

Oculomotor CNIII

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12
Q

if your optic nerve is intact, but your oculomotor nerve is impaired, will you see pupillary constriction?

A

no

oculomotor causes the constriction

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13
Q

if your R optic nerve is impaired, and you shine light into the right eye will you see constriction? what happens if you shine it in the L eye?

A

R eye = neither eye constricts (cant sense the light and send to brain)

L = both eyes constrict bc L eye still able to sense and send info to brain, allowing oculomotor to constrict both

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14
Q

The olfactory nerve exits from what foramen?

A

Cribiform plate

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15
Q

The optic nerve exits from what foramen

A

Optic canal

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16
Q

The occulomotor nerve exits what foramen

A

superior orbital fissue

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17
Q

The trochlear nerve exits what foramen?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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18
Q

The opthamalic branch of the trigeminal nerve exits from what foramen

A

superior oribital fissure

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19
Q

The maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve exits from what foramen

A

foramen rotundum

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20
Q

the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve exits from what foramen

A

foramen ovale

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21
Q

The abducens nerve exits from what foramen?

A

superior orbital fissure

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22
Q

The facial nerve exits from what foramen?

A

auditory canal (Stylomastiod foramen)

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23
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve exits from what foramen?

A

auditory canal (stylomastoid)

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24
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve exits what foramen?

A

Jugular foramen

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25
The vagus nerve exits through what foramen?
Jugular foramen
26
The spinal accessory nerve EXITS through what foramen?
Jugular Foramen
27
The spinal accessory nerve ENTERS the skull through what foramen?
Foramen magnum
28
The hypoglossal nerve exits the skull from what foramen?
hypoglossal canal
29
Damage to the R optic tract after the optic chiasm will cause….
L sided homonymous hemianopsia (Blind in the left visual field of both eyes)
30
Damage to an optic nerve between the optic chasm and the eyeball will cause…
Ipsilateral blindness (full blindness of the eye on that side in both visual fields)
31
what muscles does the oculomotor nerve control?
4 extraocular muscles levator palpebrae (elevates eyelids)
32
parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve are responsible for what?
ciliary nerve causes pupillary light reflex
33
external strabismus is
CN III issue ipsilateral eye fixed in abduction
34
ipsilateral ptosis is
CN III issue paralysis of upper eyelid
35
diplopia is
CN III issue double vision
36
Ipsilateral pupil fully dilated is called
mydriasis
37
What nerve innervates the “superior oblique muscle” of the eye
Trochlear nerve adducts and depresses eye
38
if someone has issues with CN IV, what might their symptoms be?
double vision difficulty reading or descending stairs head tile to opposite side
39
what is the only cranial nerve that exits from the dorsum of the brainstem?
trochlear
40
what muscles does trigeminal innervate? what side would the jaw deviate to when closing if there was a lesion on the R?
deviate to the R because pterygoids do contralateral deviation, so if the right ones are weak, they couldn't push to left and counter it
41
The orbicularis oculi does what action, and what is its innervation?
Closes eyes -Facial nerve
42
describe the corneal blink reflex
trigeminal nerve triggered by tactile stimulation of cornea
43
The consensual blink response is activated by _______ (1st order neuron) and sent to the _______ (2nd order neuron) and passed through interneurons in the ________ to both ________ nerves in order to close both eyes
Trigeminal ganglion spinal Trigeminal nucleus reticular formation Facial Nerves aka when something is in one eye both eyes will blink
44
problem with a facial nerve will cause numbness of the ___ side of the face and mouth
same
45
trigeminal neuralgia
sharp shooting facial pain neuropathic pain set off by stimulation not normally painful NO sensory loss
46
What muscle does CN VI innervate?
lateral rectus m
47
try to list the motor, parasympathetic, somatic sensory and special sensory of the facial nerve
motor - eyes, lips, stapedius of ear parasympathetic - salivary, lacrimal and nasal glands somatic sensory - tongue, pharynx, skin near ear canal special - anterior 2/3 tongue to solitary
48
Cranial nerves are ____ motor neuron (PNS/CNS) what condition does this mimic? how is it different than a stroke
cranial - lower, PNS bells palsy (CN VII) a stroke affects CNS, which affects UMNL, affecting the lower half of the face, not the whole half
49
The superior colliculus is for _____ whereas the inferior colliculus is for _____
Vision Hearing
50
What is the fluid called inside of the vestibular apparatus?
Endolymph
51
What is the fluid called that separates the bony structures from the membranous labyrinth of the vestibular system?
Perilymph
52
Head movement causes movement of ____ which moves embedded hair cells to fire the vestibular branch of CN VIII
endolymph
53
Movement of the endolymph inside of the semicircular canals detects…
Rotational acceleration/deceleration
54
the utricle and saccule respond to head position relative to
gravity and linear acceleration/deceleration
55
What causes the depolarization of the cochlear nerve endings
Vibration of endolymph is detected by hair cells which depolarize and send signal to cochlear nerve endings to activate them
56
what three structures does the cochlear nuclei send information to?
reticular formation, inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body (thalamic relay station to primary auditory cortex) RIM
57
what three cortical areas process auditory
primary auditory cortex auditory association cortex (memories) wenickes area (language) PAW
58
CONDUCTIVE DEAFNESS
transmission of vibrations is prevented in the outer or middle ear (lots of ear wax)
59
sensorineural deafness
damage of receptor cells or the cochlear nerve (less common)
60
where is the cell bodies (vestibular ganglion) of the vestibular nerve?
internal auditory canal
61
what does glossopharyngeal do? its a mixed nerve...
motor fibers - stylopharyngeus (swallowing) parasympathetic fibers - salivary gland and carotid body and sinus somatosensory - soft palate, pharynx, post tounge afferent gag reflex
62
where is the info from the glossopharyngeal processed
in nucleus in medulla and upper cervical SC
63
What cranial nerve controls peristalsis inside the esophagus
vagus nerve
64
What nerve handles the lips closing when you put food in your mouth?
Facial nerve
65
What nerve closes the larynx when you swallow?
Vagus
66
What nerve triggers the swallowing reflex (afferent)?
Glossopharyngeal
67
Where are the cell bodies of the spinal accessory nerve found?
Ventral horn of C1-C4
68
What nerve decreases HR, Constricts Bronchi, and increases digestion?
Vagus nerve
69
What nerve controls the efferent part of the gag reflex?
Vagus
70
True or false: Sensorineural deafness is less common than conductive deafness
True
71
What is dysarthria?
Poor control of speech muscles Note: they still understand language
72
Damage to what nerve can cause dysarthria?
Hypoglossal
73
True or false: The dorsal root ganglion is a part of the CNS
False, it is part of the PNS
74
White matter tract vs column
Tract- bundle of axons with common destinaton Column- Several tracts
75
Where are the cell bodies of efferent neurons found?
Ventral horn
76
Where are the cell bodies of afferent neurons found?
Dorsal root ganglion
77
which CNs are parts of CNS?
1 AND 2
78
internerons - PNS or CNS?
CNS
79
What is epineurium
Fiberous sheath surrounding entire nerve
80
What is perineurium
Connective tissue wrapping around the fascicle of axons a peripheral nerve contains several fascicles
81
What is endoneurium
connective tissue surrounding each axon in a fascicle
82
Why is movement essential for nerve health?
movement promotes BF through the nerve and flow of the axoplasm through the axons axoplasm - transports chemicals b/w axons and cell bodies, regulates cell's fxn
83
What happens to axoplasm when we are stationary?
it thickens and becomes more resistant to flow
84
A alpha fibers are the ____ (speed) and send what info? What fiber is the slowest?
a alpha do muscle spindles and GTO, FASTEST (proprioception and motor?) C fibers that do pain are the slowest
85
somatic sensory special: visceral sensory special:
hearing, equilibrium and vision taste and smell (think internal)
86
if disc is impinging on spinal nerve, C6-C7 disc impinging on __ would be stated
C7
87
where are spinal nerves formed? what space
intervertebral foramen
88
How would symptoms be different if you had a lesion on C6 spinal nerve root vs the median nerve?
with the root lesion, you would just have weakness bc other nerve roots contribute to the plexus the peripheral nerve lesion would cause complete loss to the muscle beign innervated each muscle limb receives its nerve supply from > 1 spinal nerve
89
damage to 1 spinal segment or root can/cannot completely paralyze any limb muscle
CANNOT
90
lumbar plexus carries efferent to muscles of carries afferent sensory from what regions
motor - anterior pelvis, anterior medial thigh afferent - skin of ant pelvis, medial and anterior thigh and medial lower leg
91
Lumbar plexus is nerve roots _ - __ Sacral is __ to __
L1-L4 L5-S4
92
sacral plexus efferent and afferent locations
efferent to posterior pelvis and posterior thigh and post lower leg and foot afferent to skin of same areas
93
polyneuropathy
distal, symmetric distribution glove and stocking, diabetes?
94
multiple mononeuropathy
multifocal random, asymmetric involvment of indiv. nn
95
Traumatic myelinopathy is mono/poly, is due to ___ and can have a ____ recovery an example would be
mononeuropathy repeated mechanical pressure that can occlude BF and damage myelin full recovery carpal tunnel
96
traumatic axonopathy is mono/poly, is when the ___ is damaged but the ___ is intact, meaning the nerve can ____ examples would be
mononeuropathy axon shwann cells/myelin regrow at 1mm/day crush injuries or closed fracture
97
Severance of a nerve has ___ prognosis
poor
98
polyneuropathy is ____ involvement of sensory, motor, and autonomic fibers and progresses from ___ to ____
symmetric distal to proximal (stocking and glove)
99
what is meant that polyneuropathy is "length dependent"
longer fibers are attacked first
100
first symptoms of polyneuropathy tend to be
sensory loss/dysfunction small fibers first - pain, temp, numbness, dysthesias
101
What is Guilain Barre Syndrome (acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy)
inflammatory demyelinating syndrome that typically occurs after viral infection causing more motor than sensory problems, distal to proximal can affect respiratory muscles - need ventilator good prognosis
102
PNS dysfinction muscle tone is CNS dysfunction muscle tone is
PNS - hypotonia CNS - hypertonia
103
Muscle atrophy is ___ with PNS dysfxn and ___ with CNS dysfxn
rapid for PNS slow for CNS
104
PNS dysfxn: NCV is DTRs are CNS dysfxn: NCV is DTRs are
PNS NCV is decreased DTRs are decreased/absent CNS NCV is normal DTRs are increased or normal