NEURO LEC 8: CRANIAL NERVES Flashcards

1
Q

How many cranial nerves come from the midbrain?

A

2

CN 3 and 4

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2
Q

How many cranial nerves come from the pons?

A

4

CN 5, 6, 7, 8

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3
Q

How many cranial nerves come from the medulla?

A

4

CN 9, 10, 11, 12

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4
Q

Why are cranial nerve 1 and 2 susceptible to MS disease

A

They are innervated by oligodendricytes instead of schwann cells due to location (they don’t leave the CNS)

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5
Q

What is the only sensory nerve that reaches the cortex WITHOUT going through the thalamus

A

olfactory

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6
Q

define anosmia

A

loss of smell

remember much information related to taste is olfactory in origin

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7
Q

Where does the optic nerve cross?

A

The optic chiasm

Note: the optic tract is between the chiasm and the brain

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8
Q

if a lesion occurs on a R option nerve, what will the visual field look like?

A

right eye blind

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9
Q

if a lesion occurs at the optic chiasm, how is the visual field impacted?

A

loss of lateral visual fields on both eyes

the lateral fields (temporal) cross over at chiasm

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10
Q

If a lesion occurs on the R optic tract, how is the visual field impacted?

A

loss of left visual field on both eyes

the L temporal crosses over to R side and R nasal will stay ipsilateral, forming the tract together

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11
Q

What nerve is responsible for pupil constriction AND orienting head and eyes (Saccadic, reflex neck movement)

A

Oculomotor CNIII

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12
Q

if your optic nerve is intact, but your oculomotor nerve is impaired, will you see pupillary constriction?

A

no

oculomotor causes the constriction

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13
Q

if your R optic nerve is impaired, and you shine light into the right eye will you see constriction? what happens if you shine it in the L eye?

A

R eye = neither eye constricts (cant sense the light and send to brain)

L = both eyes constrict bc L eye still able to sense and send info to brain, allowing oculomotor to constrict both

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14
Q

The olfactory nerve exits from what foramen?

A

Cribiform plate

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15
Q

The optic nerve exits from what foramen

A

Optic canal

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16
Q

The occulomotor nerve exits what foramen

A

superior orbital fissue

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17
Q

The trochlear nerve exits what foramen?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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18
Q

The opthamalic branch of the trigeminal nerve exits from what foramen

A

superior oribital fissure

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19
Q

The maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve exits from what foramen

A

foramen rotundum

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20
Q

the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve exits from what foramen

A

foramen ovale

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21
Q

The abducens nerve exits from what foramen?

A

superior orbital fissure

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22
Q

The facial nerve exits from what foramen?

A

auditory canal (Stylomastiod foramen)

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23
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve exits from what foramen?

A

auditory canal (stylomastoid)

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24
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve exits what foramen?

A

Jugular foramen

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25
Q

The vagus nerve exits through what foramen?

A

Jugular foramen

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26
Q

The spinal accessory nerve EXITS through what foramen?

A

Jugular Foramen

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27
Q

The spinal accessory nerve ENTERS the skull through what foramen?

A

Foramen magnum

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28
Q

The hypoglossal nerve exits the skull from what foramen?

A

hypoglossal canal

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29
Q

Damage to the R optic tract after the optic chiasm will cause….

A

L sided homonymous hemianopsia (Blind in the left visual field of both eyes)

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30
Q

Damage to an optic nerve between the optic chasm and the eyeball will cause…

A

Ipsilateral blindness (full blindness of the eye on that side in both visual fields)

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31
Q

what muscles does the oculomotor nerve control?

A

4 extraocular muscles

levator palpebrae (elevates eyelids)

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32
Q

parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve are responsible for what?

A

ciliary nerve causes pupillary light reflex

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33
Q

external strabismus is

A

CN III issue
ipsilateral eye fixed in abduction

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34
Q

ipsilateral ptosis is

A

CN III issue
paralysis of upper eyelid

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35
Q

diplopia is

A

CN III issue
double vision

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36
Q

Ipsilateral pupil fully dilated is called

A

mydriasis

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37
Q

What nerve innervates the “superior oblique muscle” of the eye

A

Trochlear nerve

adducts and depresses eye

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38
Q

if someone has issues with CN IV, what might their symptoms be?

A

double vision
difficulty reading or descending stairs
head tile to opposite side

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39
Q

what is the only cranial nerve that exits from the dorsum of the brainstem?

A

trochlear

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40
Q

what muscles does trigeminal innervate? what side would the jaw deviate to when closing if there was a lesion on the R?

A

deviate to the R because pterygoids do contralateral deviation, so if the right ones are weak, they couldn’t push to left and counter it

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41
Q

The orbicularis oculi does what action, and what is its innervation?

A

Closes eyes

-Facial nerve

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42
Q

describe the corneal blink reflex

A

trigeminal nerve

triggered by tactile stimulation of cornea

43
Q

The consensual blink response is activated by _______ (1st order neuron) and sent to the _______ (2nd order neuron) and passed through interneurons in the ________ to both ________ nerves in order to close both eyes

A

Trigeminal ganglion

spinal Trigeminal nucleus

reticular formation

Facial Nerves

aka when something is in one eye both eyes will blink

44
Q

problem with a facial nerve will cause numbness of the ___ side of the face and mouth

45
Q

trigeminal neuralgia

A

sharp shooting facial pain neuropathic pain set off by stimulation not normally painful

NO sensory loss

46
Q

What muscle does CN VI innervate?

A

lateral rectus m

47
Q

try to list the motor, parasympathetic, somatic sensory and special sensory of the facial nerve

A

motor - eyes, lips, stapedius of ear

parasympathetic - salivary, lacrimal and nasal glands

somatic sensory - tongue, pharynx, skin near ear canal

special - anterior 2/3 tongue to solitary

48
Q

Cranial nerves are ____ motor neuron (PNS/CNS)

what condition does this mimic? how is it different than a stroke

A

cranial - lower, PNS

bells palsy (CN VII)

a stroke affects CNS, which affects UMNL, affecting the lower half of the face, not the whole half

49
Q

The superior colliculus is for _____ whereas the inferior colliculus is for _____

A

Vision

Hearing

50
Q

What is the fluid called inside of the vestibular apparatus?

51
Q

What is the fluid called that separates the bony structures from the membranous labyrinth of the vestibular system?

52
Q

Head movement causes movement of ____ which moves embedded hair cells to fire the vestibular branch of CN VIII

53
Q

Movement of the endolymph inside of the semicircular canals detects…

A

Rotational acceleration/deceleration

54
Q

the utricle and saccule respond to head position relative to

A

gravity and linear acceleration/deceleration

55
Q

What causes the depolarization of the cochlear nerve endings

A

Vibration of endolymph is detected by hair cells which depolarize and send signal to cochlear nerve endings to activate them

56
Q

what three structures does the cochlear nuclei send information to?

A

reticular formation, inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body (thalamic relay station to primary auditory cortex)

RIM

57
Q

what three cortical areas process auditory

A

primary auditory cortex

auditory association cortex (memories)

wenickes area
(language)

PAW

58
Q

CONDUCTIVE DEAFNESS

A

transmission of vibrations is prevented in the outer or middle ear (lots of ear wax)

59
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

damage of receptor cells or the cochlear nerve (less common)

60
Q

where is the cell bodies (vestibular ganglion) of the vestibular nerve?

A

internal auditory canal

61
Q

what does glossopharyngeal do? its a mixed nerve…

A

motor fibers - stylopharyngeus (swallowing)

parasympathetic fibers - salivary gland and carotid body and sinus

somatosensory - soft palate, pharynx, post tounge

afferent gag reflex

62
Q

where is the info from the glossopharyngeal processed

A

in nucleus in medulla and upper cervical SC

63
Q

What cranial nerve controls peristalsis inside the esophagus

A

vagus nerve

64
Q

What nerve handles the lips closing when you put food in your mouth?

A

Facial nerve

65
Q

What nerve closes the larynx when you swallow?

66
Q

What nerve triggers the swallowing reflex (afferent)?

A

Glossopharyngeal

67
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the spinal accessory nerve found?

A

Ventral horn of C1-C4

68
Q

What nerve decreases HR, Constricts Bronchi, and increases digestion?

A

Vagus nerve

69
Q

What nerve controls the efferent part of the gag reflex?

70
Q

True or false: Sensorineural deafness is less common than conductive deafness

71
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

Poor control of speech muscles

Note: they still understand language

72
Q

Damage to what nerve can cause dysarthria?

A

Hypoglossal

73
Q

True or false: The dorsal root ganglion is a part of the CNS

A

False, it is part of the PNS

74
Q

White matter tract vs column

A

Tract- bundle of axons with common destinaton

Column- Several tracts

75
Q

Where are the cell bodies of efferent neurons found?

A

Ventral horn

76
Q

Where are the cell bodies of afferent neurons found?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

77
Q

which CNs are parts of CNS?

78
Q

internerons - PNS or CNS?

79
Q

What is epineurium

A

Fiberous sheath surrounding entire nerve

80
Q

What is perineurium

A

Connective tissue wrapping around the fascicle of axons

a peripheral nerve contains several fascicles

81
Q

What is endoneurium

A

connective tissue surrounding each axon in a fascicle

82
Q

Why is movement essential for nerve health?

A

movement promotes BF through the nerve and flow of the axoplasm through the axons

axoplasm - transports chemicals b/w axons and cell bodies, regulates cell’s fxn

83
Q

What happens to axoplasm when we are stationary?

A

it thickens and becomes more resistant to flow

84
Q

A alpha fibers are the ____ (speed) and send what info?

What fiber is the slowest?

A

a alpha do muscle spindles and GTO, FASTEST (proprioception and motor?)

C fibers that do pain are the slowest

85
Q

somatic sensory special:

visceral sensory special:

A

hearing, equilibrium and vision

taste and smell (think internal)

86
Q

if disc is impinging on spinal nerve, C6-C7 disc impinging on __ would be stated

87
Q

where are spinal nerves formed? what space

A

intervertebral foramen

88
Q

How would symptoms be different if you had a lesion on C6 spinal nerve root vs the median nerve?

A

with the root lesion, you would just have weakness bc other nerve roots contribute to the plexus

the peripheral nerve lesion would cause complete loss to the muscle beign innervated

each muscle limb receives its nerve supply from > 1 spinal nerve

89
Q

damage to 1 spinal segment or root can/cannot completely paralyze any limb muscle

90
Q

lumbar plexus carries efferent to muscles of

carries afferent sensory from what regions

A

motor - anterior pelvis, anterior medial thigh

afferent - skin of ant pelvis, medial and anterior thigh and medial lower leg

91
Q

Lumbar plexus is nerve roots _ - __

Sacral is __ to __

A

L1-L4

L5-S4

92
Q

sacral plexus efferent and afferent locations

A

efferent to posterior pelvis and posterior thigh and post lower leg and foot

afferent to skin of same areas

93
Q

polyneuropathy

A

distal, symmetric distribution

glove and stocking, diabetes?

94
Q

multiple mononeuropathy

A

multifocal random, asymmetric involvment of indiv. nn

95
Q

Traumatic myelinopathy is mono/poly, is due to ___ and can have a ____ recovery

an example would be

A

mononeuropathy

repeated mechanical pressure that can occlude BF and damage myelin

full recovery

carpal tunnel

96
Q

traumatic axonopathy is mono/poly, is when the ___ is damaged but the ___ is intact, meaning the nerve can ____

examples would be

A

mononeuropathy

axon

shwann cells/myelin

regrow at 1mm/day

crush injuries or closed fracture

97
Q

Severance of a nerve has ___ prognosis

98
Q

polyneuropathy is ____ involvement of sensory, motor, and autonomic fibers and progresses from ___ to ____

A

symmetric

distal to proximal (stocking and glove)

99
Q

what is meant that polyneuropathy is “length dependent”

A

longer fibers are attacked first

100
Q

first symptoms of polyneuropathy tend to be

A

sensory loss/dysfunction

small fibers first - pain, temp, numbness, dysthesias

101
Q

What is Guilain Barre Syndrome (acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy)

A

inflammatory demyelinating syndrome that typically occurs after viral infection causing more motor than sensory problems, distal to proximal

can affect respiratory muscles - need ventilator

good prognosis

102
Q

PNS dysfinction muscle tone is

CNS dysfunction muscle tone is

A

PNS - hypotonia

CNS - hypertonia

103
Q

Muscle atrophy is ___ with PNS dysfxn and ___ with CNS dysfxn

A

rapid for PNS

slow for CNS

104
Q

PNS dysfxn:
NCV is
DTRs are

CNS dysfxn:
NCV is
DTRs are

A

PNS
NCV is decreased
DTRs are decreased/absent

CNS
NCV is normal
DTRs are increased or normal