LECTURE 1- biomechanical applications to joint structures and fucntions

Question 1

kinematics

Answer 1

what is the Displacement or motion of a segment without regard to forces that cause movement

Question 2

what type of displacement is translatory

Answer 2

• Linear displacement
• Movement of segment in a straight line
• Rare in human movement

Question 3

what type of displacement is rotary

Answer 3

• Angular Displacement
• Movement of segment around a fixed axis (COR)

Question 4

wha tytpe of displacement is general motion

Answer 4

translation + rotation
majority of human movement

Question 5

what plane and direction is in the coronal (x-axis)

Answer 5

sagittal plane and flexion and extension

Question 6

what type of axis and direction is in the transverse plane

Answer 6

vertical (y axis)
IR and Er

Question 7

what type of plane and axis is abduction and abduction

Answer 7

anterposterior (z-axis_
frontal plan

Question 8

what is displacement per unit of time, regardless of direction

Answer 8

spped

Question 9

what is displacement per unit of time in a given direction

Answer 9

velocity

Question 10

what is a force

Answer 10

push or a pull exerted by one object on another

Question 11

what type of force is an external force

Answer 11

•Pushes or pulls arising from outside the body

Question 12

what is Forces that act on structures of the body and arise from within the body

Answer 12

internal forces

Question 13

examples of internal force

Answer 13

muscles
ligaments
tendons

Question 14

If the segments are unequal in mass, the new COM vector will lie closer to the ____ segment.

Answer 14

heavier

Question 15

where is the COM found

Answer 15

anterior to S2

Question 16

where will the base of support lie

Answer 16

between their feet

Question 17

a wider BOS will ___ stability
a lower COM will ____ stability a

Answer 17

increase 2x

Question 18

what is static equilibrium

Answer 18

object remains at rest

Question 19

what is dynamic equilibrium

Answer 19

objects moves at a constant velocity

Question 20

balanced forces results in ___

Answer 20

equilibrium

Question 21

unbalanced forces result in ____

Answer 21

acceleration

Question 22

what law states An object will continue in current motion until a force causes the speed or direction to change

Answer 22

Law of Inertia - Newtons 1st law

Question 23

When the sum of the forces or torque do not equal 0, then the object must be ____

Answer 23

accelerating.

Question 24

If there is only ONE force, there cannot be ______

Answer 24

equilibrium

Question 25

what law states the force of a object is equal to its max times its accelerations

Answer 25

law of accelerations - newtons 2n claw

Question 26

what force system is Two or more forces work on the same segment in the same line

Answer 26

linear

Question 27

what force system is Two or more forces work on the same segment from different angles

Answer 27

concurrent

Question 28

what law states when 2 objects interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction

Answer 28

law of reaction - newtons 3rd law

Question 29

what is a tensile force

Answer 29

created by opposite pulls on the same segment/object

Question 30

a tensile force is ___ to the long axis of the segment

Answer 30

parallel

Question 31

what type of force is directed away from the joint surface to which it’s applied

Answer 31

joint distraction force

Question 32

the joint distraction force is ___ to its joint surface

Answer 32

perpendicular

Question 33

what force is When two body segments are “pushed” together and “touch”

Answer 33

joint reaction force

Question 34

what type of force is the ankle weight on a ankle in sitting

Answer 34

distraction force

Question 35

what Forces are perpendicular and directed toward the joint surface

Answer 35

compression force

Question 36

what type of force is the ankle weight and foot up on leg press

Answer 36

compression force

Question 37

what is a shear force

Answer 37

The action of the force is parallel (//) to the contacting surfaces

Question 38

shear forces are applied in the —- DIRECTION OF MOVMEMTN

Answer 38

same

Question 39

what is friction force

Answer 39

The action of the force is parallel (//) to the contacting surfaces

Question 40

the friction force is applied in the ___ direction of movement

Answer 40

opposite

Question 41

when is friction force the greatest

Answer 41

right before the movement occurs (then it drops)

Question 42

isolated force thru COM is

Answer 42

translation

Question 43

Isolated force NOT through COM →

Answer 43

rotation and translation

Question 44

Two equal and opposite forces →

Answer 44

rotation

Question 45

what is. Two forces equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, parallel and applied to the same object at different points

Answer 45

force couple

Question 46

The greater the force or distance between forces the greater the____

Answer 46

torque T = (F)(MA)

Question 47

the longer the moment arm then

Answer 47

the greatest the torque ( vise versa)

Question 48

what is a bending moment

Answer 48

when a third force is added to a force couple

Question 49

how many points does a bending moment take

Answer 49

3

Question 50

bending moments is a common cause of what? WHY?

Answer 50

bone fx Because a force couple implied equal and opposite magnitude, meaning there is no rotation occurring, so the third force being applied breaks the bone

Question 51

what is a torsional moment

Answer 51

rotations of a segment around its long axis

Question 52

what is an example of torsional moments

Answer 52

spiral fx

Question 53

The direction of pull for any muscle is toward the ____

Answer 53

center of the muscle

Question 54

when does movement occur (in relation to muscles producing force)

Answer 54

when the torque of a muscle is greater than the opposing torque

Question 55

placing a heavier weight in your hand during a bicep curl with increase or decrease the torque produced by the bicep

Answer 55

increase T = F x MA increases F

Question 56

what is the function of the anatomical pulleys

Answer 56

to make the torque easier

Question 57

how do pulleys make the same amount of force produce greater torque

Answer 57

by increasing the MA (deflected by bony prominence)

Question 58

does the pulleys increase or decrease the moment arm

Answer 58

increases

Question 59

A force is applied ____ to the segment being acted on will have a larger MA

Answer 59

perpendicular think about your knee at 90 degrees, gravity pulls straight down through the joint vs at knee extension, gravity acts perpendicular to the leg, creating a large MA which position do your quads have to work harder in? extension, because gravity has largest MA

Question 60

A force applied at 0° or 180° (parallel) to the segment will have a ____ MA

Answer 60

smaller

Question 61

what is a. lever

Answer 61

any rigid segment that rotates around a fulcrum

Question 62

what has to be greater to produce rotations in the lever systems

Answer 62

effector force has to be greater than the resistance force

Question 63

1st class lever

Answer 63

axis is between the EF and RF

Question 64

2nd class lever

Answer 64

the RF is in between teh EF and axis so larger effector force

Question 65

3rd class lever

Answer 65

EF is in between teh axis and RF so RF is bigger

Question 66

what is a concentric muscle contraction

Answer 66

active shortening

Question 67

what is a eccentric muscle contraction

Answer 67

active lengthening

Question 68

whaat is a isometric contraction

Answer 68

no movement but an active muscle contraction keeping coffe mug still between table and mouth

Question 69

The angle of application of most muscles is ____

Answer 69

small

Question 70

what is the difference between between open and closed chain

Answer 70

open chain is where the distal end of segment is free to move closed chain is where distal end of segment is fixed