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NEURO LEC 14: BG Flashcards

1
Q

The basal ganglia is not only involved in motor control, but also _________, __________, __________

A

Goal directed behavior, social behavior, emotions

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2
Q

The basal ganglia and cerebellum adjust motor tract activity via the _________ and have no direct contacts with _______

A

Thalamus

Motor Neurons

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3
Q

The basal ganglia predicts ______________ of actions and then ____________ the plan by inhibiting competing movements and facilitating others

A

Outcomes

Chooses/executes

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4
Q

What are the 6 parts of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate

Putamen

Globus Pallidus (int+ext)

Subthalamic Nucleus

Substantial Nigra

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5
Q

What 2 structures form the striatum?

A

Caudate and putamen

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6
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens

A

the ventral striatum

(front part of caudate and putamen)

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7
Q

What 2 structures form the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen and Globus Pallidus

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8
Q

the substantia nigra is found where

A

midbrain

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9
Q

input to the BG is
output is

A

excitatory
inhibitory (Gpi)

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10
Q

True or false: The amygdala and the red nucleus are a part of the basal ganglia

A

False

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11
Q
A

Putamen

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12
Q
A

Caudate Nucleus

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13
Q
A

1: Globus Palidus internus

  1. Globus Palidus Externus
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14
Q

What neurotransmitter travels via the striatum (caudate and putamen), substantia nigra pars compacta, and subthalamic nucleus TO THE BASAL GANGLIA?

A

Dopamine

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15
Q

The subthalamic nucleus is found _____ to the thalamus and _____ to the hypothalamus

A

Inferior to thalamus, Lateral to hypothalamus

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16
Q

What neurotransmitter travels from cerebrum through corticostriatal pathways to the basal ganglia?

Examples of corticostriatal pathways: Motor, Premotor, Supplemental Motor, Prefrontal, Somatosensory, Limbic

A

Glutamate (Excitatory)

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17
Q

What is the role of dopamine in the basal ganglia?

Role in Go pathways?

Role in No-Go pathways?

A

Adjusts transmission pathways between striatum and other basal ganglia nuclei?

Go pathways- excitatory

No-go pathways- inhibitory

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18
Q

ACH is a _____ neurotransmitter in the basal ganglia, and serotonin is ________

A

ACH- Excitatory

Serotonin- Inhibitory

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19
Q

What inhibitory neurotransmitter is an output from the basal ganglia to the thalamus/cortex/reticular formation/superior colliculus, and Premotor cortex and tectospinal tract

A

GABA (inhibitory)

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20
Q

What are the 2 motor loops of the basal ganglia?

A

Occulomotor loop

Motor loop

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21
Q

What are the non-motor loops of the basal ganglia?

A

Goal Directed behavior

Social Behavior

Emotion Loop

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22
Q

What loops are a part of the dorsal striatal pathways?

A

Occulomotor Loop, Motor Loop, and Goal directed behavior loop and social behavior loop

(Everything but the emotional loop)

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23
Q

What loops are in the ventral striatal pathway?

A

Emotional Loop (limbic channel)

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24
Q

What non-motor loops are in the pre-frontal channel (which is inside of the dorsal striatal pathway)

A

Goal Directed behavior loop

Social Behavior Loop

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25
What is the loop pathway of the Goal Directed behavior loop?
Cortex (Lateral Prefrontal) -> Basal Ganglia (First to head of caudate then to Globus Pallidus Internus) -> Thalamus -> cortex Note: This is the only one of the 3 pre-frontal loops that uses GPi
26
Deficits of the goal directed behavior loop can lead to….
Decision making deficits Inattention, poor concentration, poor short term memory
27
In the goal directed behavior loop, the head of the caudate does what?
Evaluates inputs for decision making and picks the most appropriate action
28
In the goal directed behavior loop, the Thalamus is responsible for…
Linking action chosen by head of caudate (Basal ganglia) and preforming the selected movement
29
What is the pathway of the Social Behavior Loop?
Ventral Prefrontal Cortex -> Basal Ganglia (first to the head of caudate then to the substantia nigra reticularis) -> Thalamus -> Ventral Prefrontal Cortex Note: does not include Globus Pallidus Internus or externus How to remember: Social behavior gives you dopamine so therefore the social behavior loop includes the substantia nigra
30
What is the role of the head of caudate in the Social Behavior Loop?
Awareness of social cues, regulates self control, determines relevant and irrelevant info
31
Deficits of the social behavior loop can lead to
Impulsivity, Indifference, violent behaviors, risky behaviors
32
What is the pathway of the emotional loop?
Medial Prefrontal Cortex -> Basal Ganglia (ventral striatum) -> thalamus -> medial prefrontal cortex Note: Goal directed behavior is lateral prefrontal cortex, social loop is ventral, emotional loop is medial Note: All loops go cortex -> BG -> Thalamus -> cortex
33
What part of the cortex is responsible for the: Emotional Loop? Social Behavior Loop? Goal Directed Behavior Loop?
Emotional: Medial Prefrontal Social Behavior: Ventral Prefrontal Goal Directed Behavior: Lateral Prefrontal Cortex
34
Deficits of the Emotional loop lead to…
Impaired reward seeking behavior/ addiction Note: L Basal ganglia stroke can lead to depression and dulling of emotion also apathy, paranoia
35
1
Caudate Nucleus
36
2
Globus Pallidus
37
3
Putamen
38
4
Thalamus
39
What is the pathway of the Oculomotor loop
Cortex (frontal and supplementary eye fields) -> Basal Ganglia (body of caudate) -> Thalamus -> Cortex
40
Deficits of the Oculomotor loop will lead to
Poor saccadic eye movements
41
Prosaccades vs Antisaccades
Prosaccades- towards an object Antisaccades- away from an object
42
In the Oculomotor loop, what does the body of the caudate do?
Decides about motions of eyes and spatial attention Particularly the use of saccades
43
What is the purpose of the motor loop
Regulates muscle contraction, force, multi joint movement and mvmvt sequencing
44
What is the only loop that the caudate is not a part of
Motor loop
45
What is the pathway of the motor loop
Cortex (Motor and Premotor) -> Basal Ganglia (Putamen -> Globus Pallidus) -> Thalamus -> cortex
46
Disinhibition requires at least 2 __________ and 1 _________
2- inhibitory neurons and 1 target neuron
47
Disinhibition is important for ________
Fine tuning of movement
48
What is the output nucleus of the 3 internal pathways of the motor loop? Stop Go No-Go
All 3 use the Globus Pallidus Internus as the output nucleus Note: all 3 are needed for normal movement
49
The Globus Pallidus Internus _____ the motor thalamus which ______ cortical motor areas, which ______ motor neurons in SC
Inhibits Excites Excites
50
Conditions that interfere with/ the basal ganglia cause either __________ or _________ movement
Excessive or insufficient
51
The STOP pathway is also called the……
Hyperdirect pathway
52
What is the fastest motor pathway?
Stop pathway/hyperdirect
53
In the stop pathway, the cortex sends an ______ signal to the subthalamic nucleus which then _______ the GPi
Excitatory Excites (Note: GPi is the main inhibitory output of inhibitory neurons in each loop)
54
In the STOP pathway, what does the GPi do once it’s excited by the subthalamic nucleus
Inhibits Motor thalamus immediately prior to movement initiation, inhibits current motor programs to stop irrelevant movements
55
The Go-Pathway is also called the…
Direct Pathway
56
In the go-pathway, the Motor areas of the cortex _____ the putamen which _______ the Globus Pallidus Internus, which sends less inhibition to the motor thalamus
Excites Inhibits
57
What structure can inhibit the GPi? What structure can excite the GPi?
Inhibit- Putamen Excite- Subthalamic nucleus
58
Free Card Slot
30 second stretch break
59
The no-go pathway is also called the
Indirect pathway
60
In the no-go pathway, the Motor cortex _______ the putamen, which ______ the external Globus Pallidus which then has less inhibition on the subthalamic nucleus, the subthalamic nucleus _________ the GPi which inhibits the motor thalamus
Excites Inhibits Excites
61
What pathway inhibits unwanted movements
No-go pathway Note: the STOP pathway stops current movements
62
What neurons compose 95% of the neurons within the striatum?
Medium Spiny Neuron
63
The motor loop requires ________ from the substantia nigra compacta
Dopamine Note: Dopamine in normal quantities regulates tonic inhibition from GPi to motorthalamus and other structures bind to D1 or D2 receptors to start that pathway or inhibit it
64
The Putamen’s D1 and D2 receptors bind to ______
Dopamine
65
D1 receptors binding to dopamine does what?
Excites the inhibitory neurons in GPi (Inhibits GPi in GO pathway) Note: D2 pathway involves exciting GPi in No-GO pathway
66
D2 receptors binding to dopamine do what?
Inhibits neurons from putamen to GPe which then disinhibits the subthalamic nucleus Since the subthalamic nucleus normally excites the GPi, this pathway stimulates the GPi Note: so both D1 and D2 excite the GPi in some way
67
Medium spiny neurons are _______ inhibitory cells
GABAergic
68
What are the 3 pathways that the Motor loop regulates motor output through?
Voluntary Muscle Activity Postural and Proximal Limb Muscle Activity Walking
69
The motor loop controls Voluntary Muscle Activity through..
Thru motor thalamus to motor tract cell bodies in cortex ► Corticospinal, corticopontine, corticobrainstem tracts
70
The motor loop controls Postural and proximal limb muscle activity through.....
Thru pedunculopontine nucleus in midbrain to reticulospinal tracts to spinal motor nerves Basically the motor loop used the reticulospinal tract to control posture
71
The motor loop controls walking through..
Thru midbrain locomotor region to reticulospinal tracts to stepping pattern generator
72
What is the most common basal ganglia disorder?
Parkinsons It is an example of hypokinetic disorders Too much BG inhibition of thalamus
73
Hyperkinetic vs hypokinetic disorders
Hyper- Too little inhibition of thalamus by BG Hypo- Too much inhibition
74
Huntington’s Disease/Chorea Dystonia Tourette’s disorder Dyskinetic cerebral palsy Are all examples of what?
Hyperkinetic disorders
75
What is the primary mechanism of parkinsons?
Decreased dopamine output by substantia nigra leading to excessive GPi activity
76
What are 2 subtypes of parkinsons?
Postural Instability Gait Difficulty (PIGD) Subtype ►Bradykinesia ► Poverty of movement (Hypokineisa) ► Postural instability ► Autonomic dysfunction ► Cognitive dysfunction Pill rolling tremor and cogwheel rigidity Tremor Dominant Subtype ►Resting tremors ► Action tremors ► Rigidity and slow movements are relatively mild
77
What is huntington's/Chorea disease?
Autosomal dominant hereditary disorder causes progressive degeneration of the cortex and striatum (especially putamen) and what makes up majority of striatum? GABAergenic neurons (medium spiny neurons)
78
Huntington's disease causes a 90% loss of subset of GABA-ergic inhibitory neurons in putamen and caudate so less input to.....
GPe (indirect/No-Go pathway)
79
In Huntington's disease, Loss of excitatory output of subthalamic nucleus to _______ causing ballistic involuntary movements of limbs called Chorei-form movements: involuntary, continuous movement of the body
Globus Pallidus Internus Note: Includes motor, swallowing, and cognitive deterioration Thalamic neurons can fire randomly and inappropriately, causing the motor cortex to execute motor programs with no control by patient
80
What is dystonia?
Genetic, typically nonprogressive, movement disorder characterized by involuntary sustained muscle contractions, causing abnormal posture, twisting and repetitive movements
81
When does dystonia typically increase? When does it completely vanish?
During activity or emotional stress During Sleep
82
Examples of _____ dystonias include writer’s or musician’s cramp, cervical dystonia Generalized dystonias can be __________, including limbs and trunk, interfering with walking and other functions.
Focal Progressive
83
with parkinsons you have _____ of Gpi so ____ of motor thalamus causing ______
overactive Gpi too much inhibition of motor thalamus hypokinetic disorder
84
with huntingtins you have _____ of Gpi so ______ of motor thalamus causing ______
underactive Gpi overactive/not enough inhibition thalamus hyperkinetic

Caroline (78 decks)

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