NEURO LEC 19 CEREBRAL CORTEX

Question 1

What are the 3 kinds of gray matter in the cortex?

Answer 1

Granular

Pyramidal

Interneurons

Question 2

True or false: the cortex has a cellular layer and a purkinje layer

Answer 2

False

Question 3

What is the major output cell of the cortex?

Answer 3

Pyramid cells

Question 4

Each layer of the cortex has 6 layers except….

Answer 4

Olfactory and medial temporal corticies, they have 3

Question 5

True or false: motor and sensory neurons extend down to the sulcus of the gyrus

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Brodmann’s areas are particularly helpful during __________

Answer 6

Surgical techniques and research (measure cortical activity)

Question 7

Primary somatosensory cortex -> Secondary somatosensory cortex -> _______________________ -> _____________________ -> Primary motor cortex

Answer 7

Association cortex

Motor planning areas

Question 8

what part of the cortex sends descending motor signals?

Answer 8

Primary motor cortex

Question 9

What part of the corticies differentiates intensity and qualities of sensory info?

Answer 9

Primary sensory areas

Question 10

What part of the cortex handles more complex sensory processing

Answer 10

secondary sensory cortex

Question 11

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex found?

Answer 11

Postcentral gyrus

Question 12

Where is the auditory cortex found?

Answer 12

Within lateral fissure and superior temporal lobe

Question 13

What cortex is found within calcarine sulcus and adjacent gyri

Answer 13

visual cortex

Question 14

What cortex is found within posterior end of lateral fissure and parieto-insular cortex

Answer 14

Vestibular cortex

Question 15

Which part of the visual cortex analyzes color and movements?

Answer 15

Secondary visual cortex

Question 16

The secondary visual cortex projects to the _____________ to guide visual fixation keeping item in central vision

Answer 16

superior colliculus

Question 17

what cortex constrasts sounds heard from memories and categorizes them?

Answer 17

Secondary auditory cortex

Question 18

1

Answer 18

secondary somatosensory cortex

Question 19

2

Answer 19

secondary visual cortex

Question 20

3

Answer 20

secondary somatosensory cortex

Question 21

4

Answer 21

secondary visual cortex

Question 22

5

Answer 22

secondary auditory cortex

Question 23

A lesion to the secondary somatosensory cortex causes what?

Answer 23

astereognosis

Question 24

A lesion to the secondary visual cortex causes what superiorly and what in the middle portion?

Answer 24

Superiorly: optic ataxia

Middle portion - Visual agnosia

Question 25

Lesion to the secondary auditory cortex causes what?

Answer 25

auditory agnosia

Question 26

What cortex is responsible for discriminating shapes, texture, size

Answer 26

primary somatosensory

Question 27

The secondary somatosensory cortex projects to __________ and _________

Answer 27

Motor and limbic areas

Question 28

what cortex has the highest degree of convergent somatosensory info?

Answer 28

Posterior parietal cortex note: it's a secondary sensory and association cortex

Question 29

Outputs of the _____________ are critical for integration of sensory and motor info

Answer 29

posterior parietal cortex

Question 30

The primary auditory cortex does what?

Answer 30

Allows awarenes of intensity and sounds

Question 31

the primary auditory cortex receives info from the cochlea of both ears through pathways that synapse in the ___________ and _______________ (thalamus)

Answer 31

inferior colliculus -> medial genticulate body

Question 32

True or false: The vestibular cortex is well defined

Answer 32

False, not well defined

Question 33

Some sources have primary vestibular cortex in only _____ hemisphere and some evidence says its in both hemispheres

Answer 33

right

Question 34

What are the two streams of the secondary visual cortex

Answer 34

action stream (dorsal) -adjusts limb movement perception stream (ventral) -recognizes objects

Question 35

The secondary visual cortex perception stream runs where?

Answer 35

ventrally to temporal lobe

Question 36

The secondary visual cortex dorsal stream runs where?

Answer 36

dorsally through posterior parietal cortex to frontal lobe

Question 37

1

Answer 37

Medial dorsal prefrontal cortex perceives others emotions/beliefs

Question 38

2

Answer 38

ventral prefrontal cortex -mood and affect

Question 39

3

Answer 39

parietotemporal association lobe -intellegence (includes wernicke)

Question 40

Wernicke's area is contained in what cortex

Answer 40

parietotemporal association cortex

Question 41

What cortex is involved in intellegence, problemsolving, and understanding communication

Answer 41

parietotemporal association cortex

Question 42

What does the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex do?

Answer 42

self awareness/executive functions remember, it's dorsal bc you have to take a step back and observe yourself to have self awareness

Question 43

The premotor cortex contains ________% corticospinal neurons especially from trunk and shoulder

Answer 43

20-30

Question 44

what cortex is for anticipatory postural adjustments?

Answer 44

pre-motor cortex

Question 45

What cortex is for motor planning, mvmt initiation

Answer 45

supplementary motor cortex

Question 46

what cortex controls CONTRALATERAL fractionated movement?

Answer 46

primary motor cortex remember it's contralateral bc the corticospinal tract is contralateral

Question 47

The source of most corticospinal tract neurons is in the......

Answer 47

primary motor cortex

Question 48

damage to what cortex causes flexion or extension synergies?

Answer 48

primary motor bc you lose the ability to do fractionated movement

Question 49

What is prosopagnosia

Answer 49

Disorder of ventral visual stream inability to recognize faces

Question 50

Disorders of _____________ can cause visual object agnosia

Answer 50

ventral visual stream

Question 51

What is anosagnosia?

Answer 51

inability to recognize deficits

Question 52

Is astereognosia a problem with the primary or the secondary somatosensory cortex?

Answer 52

secondary note: they have intact sensation but still cannot describe object in hand pt must be able to physically manipulate objects to test this

Question 53

Disorders of the dorsal visual stream cause what?

Answer 53

optic ataxia -inability to use visual info to direct eye movement

Question 54

The most common neglect disorder happens on the ______ side

Answer 54

left, because R parietal cortex dominates attention

Question 55

What cortex dominates control of attention

Answer 55

right parietal cortex

Question 56

True or false: damage to primary motor cortex can cause dysarthria

Answer 56

true also weakness and loss of fractionated limb movement

Question 57

Broca's area is inside of what gyrus

Answer 57

inferior frontal gyrus

Question 58

damage to the supplementary motor cortex acutely a person will show _______________

Answer 58

hemiparesis/hemiplegia (only acutely/right after)

Question 59

damage to the premotor cortex leads to what?

Answer 59

Problems w/ speed/automaticity of reaching grasping movement sequencing posture and gait

Question 60

Uncontrolled repetitive movements are called what?

Answer 60

Perseveration note: due to damage of motor planning areas

Question 61

ideational apraxia is...

Answer 61

inability to use objects appropriately especially when sequencing is necessary Can’t use tools or spoon

Question 62

ideomotor apraxia is what?

Answer 62

inability to develop movement sequence especially to a command note: they can still do it instinctively/automatically when not thinking about it

Question 63

What is magnetic gait?

Answer 63

Person has extreme difficulty lifting foot from floor to initiate gait

Question 64

What are the 4 As of cerebral cortex disorders

Answer 64

Aphasia Apraxia Agnosia Asterognosis

Question 65

What are functional neurologic disorders

Answer 65

-used to be called conversion/psychogenic disorder No structural or organic damage! -not a psychiatric or psychological disorder genuine motor and sensory dysfunction unexplained by medicine worse or different symptoms than expected from testing

Question 66

Complex regional pain syndrome and persistent perceptual postural dizziness are examples of...

Answer 66

functional sensory disorders

Question 67

If a person has absent proprioception during testing but is able to do a finger to nose task with eyes closed or tandem walk, they might have...

Answer 67

functional sensory disorder

Question 68

Functional movement disorders have test findings that are....

Answer 68

not consistent with preformance

Question 69

What is a hoover sign?

Answer 69

indicative of functional movement disorder Weak hip extension initially but then with contralateral hip flexion, the hip extensors will activate strongly

Question 70

What is whack-a-mole sign

Answer 70

indicative of functional movement disorder tremor moves to another body part when you restrain it

Question 71

What is give-way weakness?

Answer 71

indicative of functional movement disorder strong but then abrupt collapse without pain (when resisting MMT i guess)