Neuro Flashcards
CNS location of NE synthesis
Locus ceruleus (pons)
CNS location of DA synthesis
Ventral tegmentum and SNc (midbrain)
CNS location of 5-HT synthesis
Raphe nucleus (pons, medulla, midbrain)
CNS location of Ach synthesis
Basal nucleus of Meynert
CNS location of GABA synthesis
nucleus accumbens
Neurotransmitter levels in Anxiety
High NE
Low 5-HT and GABA
Neurotransmitter levels in Depression
Low NE, DA and 5-HT
Neurotransmitter levels in HD
High DA
Low Ach and GABA
Neurotransmitter levels in PD
Low DA and 5-HT
High Ach
Neurotransmitter levels in Alzheimer disease
Low Ach
Where is ADH made?
supraoptic nucleus
Where is oxytocin made?
paraventricular nucleus
What part of the hypothalamus controls hunger?
Lateral Area
What part of the hypothalamus controls satiety?
Ventromedial area
What part of the hypothalamus controls cooling?
Anterior hypothalamus
What part of the hypothalamus controls heating?
Posterior hypothalamus
What part of hypothalamus controls circadian rhythm?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
EEG when awake
Beta waves (high frequency, low amp)
EEG when awake (eyes closed)
Alpha waves
EEG when in Stage N1 Non-REM sleep
Theta waves
EEG when in Stage N2 Non-REM sleep
Sleep spindles and K complexes
EEG when in Stage N3 Non-REM sleep
Delta waves (lowest frequency, highest amplitude)
EEG when in REM sleep
Beta waves
What stage of sleep has bruxism (teeth clenching)?
N2
What stage of sleep has sleep walking, night terrors and sleep enuresis?
N3
What receives input from spinothalamic and dorsal columns/medial leminiscus?
VPL of thalamus
What info does the VPL of the thalamus receive?
Pain and temperature
Pressure, touch, vibration and proprioception
What receives information from the trigeminal and gustatory pathway?
VPM of thalamus
What info does the VPM of the thalamus receive?
Face sensation
Taste
What receives information from CN II?
LGN of the thalamus
What information does the LGN receive?
Vision (sends it to calcarine sulcus)
What receives information from the superior olive and inferior colliculus of the tectum?
MGN of the thalamus
What information does the MGN receive?
Hearing (sends it to auditory cortex of temporal lobe)
What receives input form the basal ganglia and the cerebellum?
VL of thalamus
What information does the VL receive?
motor
Achilles reflex
S1-S2
Patellar reflex
L3-L4
Biceps reflex
C5-C6
Triceps reflex
C7-C8
Cremaster reflex
L1-L2
Anal wink reflex
S3-S4
Corneal reflex (aff and eff)
Aff: V1 (nasociliary branch)
Eff: VII (temporal branch= orbicularis oculi)
Lacrimation reflex (aff and eff)
Aff: V1
Eff: VII
Jaw Jerk reflex (aff and eff)
Aff: V3 (sensory from muscle spindle)
Eff: V3 (motor from masseter)
Pupillary reflex (aff and eff)
Aff: II
Eff: III
Gag reflex (aff and eff)
Aff: IX
Eff: X
CN that exits from cribriform plate
CN I
CN that exits from middle cranial fossa
II-VI
CN that exits from posterior cranial fossa
VII-XII
CN that exits from superior orbital fissure
III, IV, V1 (opthalmic branch), VI
(with opthalmic vein and sympathetic fibers
CN that exits from Foramen Rotundum
V2 (maxillary)
CN that exits from optic canal
CN II
with opthalmic artery and central retinal vain
CN that exits from foramen ovale
V3 (mandibular)
CN that exits from foramen spinosum
NONE! middle meningeal artery does
CN that exits from jugular foramen
CN IX, X, XI
with jugular vein
CN that exits from internal auditory meatus
CN VII, VIII
CN that exits via foramen magnum
spinal roots of XI
with brain stem and vertebral arteries
CN that exits via hypoglossal canal
CN XII
Nucleus solitarius
VII, IX, X
Nucleus ambiguus
IX, X, XI
Dorsal motor nucleus
X
CN that pass through cavernous sinus
VI (medial), III (superolateral), IV, V1, V2 (inferolateral)
Internal carotid artery also makes a loop to pass through
Where is low frequency sound best heard?
Apex near helicotrema
Where is high frequency sound best heard?
Base of cochlea
Stroke with dysphagia and hoarseness
PICA (nucleus ambiguus affected)
Stroke with facial nerve paralysis
AICA (facial nucleus affected)
Stroke with tongue affected (deviates ipsilaterally)
ASA (caudal medulla affected)
Stroke with contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing
PCA
Vessel affected in “locked in syndrome”
basilar artery
