Micro (Bacteria and Parasites) Flashcards
1
Q
3 Parts of LPS
A
- Lipid A
- O Antigen
- Polysaccharide
2
Q
Function of lipid A
A
TNF and IL-1 induction for gram negative sepsis
3
Q
Function of O antigen
A
used for typing of Gram Negative species
4
Q
Branching filaments
A
Actinomyces
Nocardia
5
Q
Difference between actinomyces and nocardia
A
Nocardia is weakly acid fast
6
Q
Mycoplasma cell membrane/cell wall features
A
- Sterols in cell membrane
- NO cell wall
7
Q
Mycobacteria cell membrane/cell wall features
A
- Contain mycolic acid
- High lipid content
8
Q
Bugs that do not gram stain well (and why)
A
- Treponema (too thin)
- Mycobacteria (tons of lipid in cell wall)
- Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
- Legionella (intracellular)
- Rickettsia (intracellular)
- Chlamydia (intracellular; lacks muramic acid in cell wall)
“These Microbes May Lack Real Color”
9
Q
Bugs that stain with Giemsa stain
A
Chlamydia Borrelia Rickettsiae Trypanosomes Plasmodium
“Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience”
10
Q
PAS staining bugs (why)
A
Tropheryma whipplei (stains glycogen and mucopolysaccharides)
11
Q
Ziehl-Neelsen staining bugs (and why)
A
Nocardia
Mycobacteria
(acid fast)
12
Q
India ink staining bugs
A
Cryptococcus neoformans
13
Q
What other than india ink can be used to visualize cryptococcus?
A
Mucicarmine (stains thick polysaccharide capsule red)
14
Q
Silver staining bugs
A
Fungi
Legionella
H. pylori
15
Q
Isolated on chocolate agar
A
H. flu (needs X and V)
16
Q
Isolated on Thayer-Martin Media
A
Neisseria
17
Q
What is in Thayer-Martin Media
A
VPN
Vancomycin (kills GPs)
Polymyxin (kills GNs but neisseria)
Nystatin (kills fungi)
18
Q
Isolated on Bordet-Gengou agar
A
Bordetella pertussis
19
Q
Isolated on tellurite agar or Loffler medium
A
C. diptheriae
20
Q
Isolated on Lowenstein-Jensen agar
A
Tb
21
Q
Isolated on Eaton agar
A
M. pneumoniae (needs cholesterol)
22
Q
Pink on MacConkey agar
A
Lactose-fermening enterics
23
Q
Green metallic sheen on EMB agar
A
E. coli
24
Q
Isolated on charcoal yeast extract buffered with cysteine and iron
A
Legionella
25
Isolated on Sabouraud Agar
fungi
26
Obligate aerobes
```
Nocardia
Pseudomonas
MycoBacterium Tb (apex of lung)
```
"Nagging Pests Must Breathe"
27
Obligate anaerobes
Closridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces
"Can't Breathe Air"
28
What do obligate anaerobes lack?
Catalase and/or Superoxide dismutase (so susceptible for oxidative damage)
29
Obligate intracellular
Chlamydia
| Rickettsia
30
Facultative intracellular
```
Samonella
Neisseria
Brucella
Mycobacterium
Listeria
Francisella
Legionella
Yersinia pestis
```
"Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY"
31
Encapsulated Bacteria
```
Salmonella
H. Influenza
Neisseria meningitidis
E. coli
Strep pneumo
Klebsiella
Strep agalactiae (GBS)
```
SHINE SKiS
32
Catalase Positive Bugs
```
Pseudomonas
Listeria
Aspergillus
Candida
E. coli
S. aureus
Serratia
```
"PLACESS for cats"
33
Urease Positive Bugs
```
Cryptococcus
H. Pylori
Proteus
Ureaplasma
Nocardia
Klebsiella
S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus
```
"CHuck norris hates PUNKSS"
34
Yellow "sulfur" granules
Actinomyces
35
Yellow pigment
Staph aureus
36
Blue-green pigment
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
37
Red pigment
Serratia marcescens
38
What produces Protein A?
Staph aureus
39
Wat does Protein A do?
Binds Fc region of IgG (to prevent opsonizaiton and phagocytosis)
40
What produces IgA protease?
S. pnumoniae
H. flu
Neisseria
"SHiN"
41
What does IgA protease do?
cleaves IgA in order to colonize respiratory mucosa
42
What produces M protein?
Group A Strep
43
What does M protein do?
helps prevent phagocytosis
44
Endotoxin or exotoxin: stable at 100 degrees for 1 hr
Endotoxin (exotoxin is destroyed at 60 degrees except staph enterotoxin)
45
Exotoxin or endotoxin: located on outer cell membrane
Endotoxin (of most gram negative bacteria)
46
Exotoxin or endotoxxin: high toxicity
Exotoxin
47
Exotoxin or endotoxin: poorly antigenic
Endotoxin (exotoxin induces high-titer Ab's called anti-toxins)
48
Which toxins inactivate elongation factor EF-2 via ADP ribosylation?
```
Diptheria
Exotoxin A (Pseudomonas)
```
49
Which toxins inactivate 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA?
Shiga toxin
| Shiga-like toxin (EHEC)
50
Which toxins overactivate adenylate cyclase to increase cAMP and Cl- secretion in the gut (and H2O efflux)?
```
LT toxin (ETEC)
Cholera toxin (permanent activaiton of Gs)
```
51
Which toxin mimics cholera toxin in the skin?
Edema factor (Bacillus anthracis)
52
Which toxin overactivates adenylate cyclase by disabling Gi (impairing phagocytosis)?
Pertussis toxin
53
Which toxin overactivates guanylate cyclase to incrase cGMP and decreases resorption of NaCl and H2O in the gut?
ST toxin (ETEC)
54
Which toxin prevents release of inhibitory neutotransmitters from Renshaw cells in spinal cord?
Tetanospasmin (cleave SNARE proteins)
55
Which toxin prevents release of stimulatory signals at the NMJ?
Botulinum toxin (cleave SNARE proteins)
56
Which toxin acts by degrading phospholipids?
Alpha toxin (lecithinase) of clostridium perfringens
57
What is the result of alpha toxin in clostridium perfringens?
- Myonecrosis (gas gangrene)
| - "Double zone" of hemolysis on blood agar
58
Which toxin is a protein that degrades cell membranes?
Streptolysin O (strep pyogenes)
59
Which toxins bring MHC II and TCR together at outside of Ag binding iste to cause release of IL-1, TNF-alpha and IL-2?
- TSST-1 (staph aureus)
| - Exotoxin A (strep pyogenes)
60
What things are released with endotoxins?
ENDOTOXIN
- edema (C3a)
- NO
- dic/death
- outer membrane
- TNF-ALPHA
- o-antigen
- extremely heat stable
- IL-1
- neutrophil chemotaxis (C5a)
61
Which bacteria are specialized at transformation (taking up DNA from environment)?
- S. pneumo
- H. flu
- Neisseria
"SHiN"
62
List the 5 bacterial toxins encoded on a lysogenic phage.
1) shigA-like toxin
2) Botulinum toxin
3) Cholera toxin
4) Diptheria toxin
5) Erythrogenic toxin of strep. pyogenes
63
Catalase positive
Staph
64
Novobiocin resistant
Staph Saprophyticus
65
Novobiocin sensitive
Staph Epidermidis
66
Optochin Sensitive
Strep pneumoniae
67
Optochin resistant
Strep viridans
68
Bacitracin sensitive
GAS
69
Bacitracin resistant
GBS
70
Alpha hemolytic
Strep pneumo
| Viridans strep
71
Alpha-hemolytic bug that is bile soluble
Strep pneumo
72
Beta hemolytic
GBS and GAS
73
Gamma hemolytic
Enterococcus (GDS)
| Strep. bovis
74
Gamma hemolytic with growth in bile and 6.5% NaCl
Enterococcus
75
Gram positive rods with metachromatic (blue and red) granules
Corynebacterium diptheriae
76
If see subacute endocarditis suspect colon cancer?
Strep bovis
77
Food poisoning with 2-6 hour incubation
Staph Aureus (enterotoxin)
78
Rusty sputum
Strep pneumo
79
Substance made by Strep sanguinis that binds to fibrin-platelet aggregates on damaged heart valves.
Dextrans
80
Sand-paper like rash and strawberry tongue
Scarlet fever (GAS)
81
What precedes rheumatic fever?
strep pharyngitis
82
What precedes PSGS?
impetigo > strep pharyngitis
83
Produces CAMP factor (enlarges area of hemolysis caused by Staph aureus).
GBS
84
Pregnant women positive for GBS treatment
Intrapartum penicillin prophylaxis for mom
85
What is Lancefield grouping based on?
differences in C carbohydrate in bacterial cell wall
86
Spore forming GP bacteria in soil.
Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium perfringens
C. tetani
87
Spore forming GP bacteria (not in soil)
B. cereus
C. botulinum
Coxiella burnetii
88
What is present in core of spore?
dipicolinic acid
89
How do you kill spores?
autoclaving (121 degrees for 15 minutes)
90
Toxin A of C-diff
Enterotoxin that binds to brush border of gut
91
Toxin B of C-diff
Cytotoxin that causes cytoskeletal disruption via actin depolymerization
92
Only bacteria with polypeptide capsule
Bacillus anthracis (D-glutamate)
93
Food poisoning with 1-5 hours til N/V and 8-18 hours til Diarrhea
B. cerues
94
Only gram positive bacteria to make endotoxin
Listeria monocytogenes
95
Branching filaments treated with penicillin
actinomyces
96
Branching filaments treated with sulfonamides
Nocardia
97
Which GP branching filament is an anaerobe?
Actinomyces
98
Which GP branching filament is part of normal oral flora?
Actinomyces (nocardia is in soil)
99
Which GP branching filament causes pulmonary infection in immunocompromised or cutaneous infection in immunocompetent with trauma?
Nocardia (actinomyces causes oral/facial abscesses that drain through sinus tracts)
100
Tumbling motility
Listeria
101
Mycobacterium leprae that has humoral Th2 response
Lepromatous leprosy
102
Mycobacterium leprae that has largery Th1 type immune response
Tuberculoid
103
Comma shaped oxidase positive GN
Campylobacter jejuni
Vibrio cholerae
H. pylori
104
Oxiadase positive GN rod
Pseudomonas
105
GN gros in 42 degrees
Campylobacter jejuni
106
GN Rod lacose nonfermenter
```
Shigella
Salmonella
Proteus
Yersinia
Pseudomonas
```
107
GN Rod lactose fermenter
```
Klebsiella (fast)
E. coli (fast)
Enterobacter (fast)
Citrobacter (slow)
Serratia (slow)
```
"macConKEES agar used to test!"
108
GN "coccobacilli"
- H. flu
- Pasteurella
- Brucella
- Bordetella pertussus
109
GN diplococci
Neisseria
110
Which neisseria ferments maltose?
Neisseria meningitidis
111
Bug that makes beta-galactosidase
E. coli (breaks lactose into glucose and galactose)
112
Which neisseria has a capsule?
Meningococci
113
Whcih neisseria can cause Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome?
Gonococci
114
Which neisseria is treated with cegtriaxone or penicillin G?
Meningococci (gonococci is treated with ceftriaxone + azithromycin or doxy for chlamydia co-infection)
115
Treatment of H. flu mucosal infection.
Amoxicillin +/- clavulanate
116
Treatment of H. flu close contacts.
Rifampin
117
Treatment of H. flu meningitis
Ceftriaxone
118
WHen do you give HiB vaccine?
Between 2-18 months
119
Detect pulmonary infection by antigen in urine?
legionella
120
What lab oddity is seen in Legionella infection?
hyponatremia
121
DOC for legionella
Macrolide
| Quinolone
122
DOC for Pseudomonas
Aminoglycoside + piperacillin, ticarcillin, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem
123
E. coli that adheres to apical surface, prevents absorption, flattens villi
EPEC (affects children)
124
E. coli that invades intestinal mucosa and mimics shigella in manifestations
EIEC
125
4 A's of Klebsiella
Aspiration pneumonia
Abscess in lungs/liver
Alcoholics
di-A-betics
126
Salmonella or shigella: flagella
salmonella
127
Salmonella or shigella: PMN infiltrate
shigella
128
Salmonella or shigella: hematogenous spread
salmonella
129
Salmonella or shigella: hydrogen sulfide production
salmonella
130
Salmonella or shigella: antibiotics prolong fecal excretion of organism
salmonella
131
Salmonella or shigella: OFTEN causes bloody diarrhea
shigella (salmonella can cause)
132
What bug has K1 capsular polysaccharide?
E. coli
133
What is the function of K1 capsular polysaccharide?
Prevents phagocytosis and complement mediated lysis (causes neonatal meningitis)
134
What bug has P fimbriae?
E. coli
135
What is the function of P fimbriae?
allows adhesion to uroepithelium for UTIs
136
Comma shaped, oxidase +, GN that grows in alkaline media
Vibrio cholera
137
Transmitted by puppy poop and pork
Yersinia enterocolitica
138
H pylori treatment
PPI + Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin or metronidazole
139
Spirochetes
Borrelia (big)
Leptospira
Treponema
140
Surfers in Hawaii or animal urine
Leptospira interrogans
141
Symptoms of Leptospirosis
Flu-like
Jaundice
Photophobia
COnjunctival suffusion
142
Weil disease
Leptospira interrogans (icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis)
143
Ixodes tick
Borrelia burgdorferi
Babesia
Anaplasma
144
VDRL false positives
Viruses (mono, hepatitis)
Drugs
Rheumatic fever
Lupus/Leprosy
145
Flu-like syndrome after syphilis treatment
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
146
Monocytes with morulae in cytoplasm
ehrlichiosis
147
Granulocytes with morulae in cytoplasm
Anaplasmosis
148
Cat scratch, bacillary angiomatosis
Bartonella
149
Louse
- Borrelia recurrentis (relapsing fever due to variable surface antigens)
- Rickettsia prowazekii (epidemic typhus)
150
Unpasteurized dairy
Brucella (undulant fever)
151
Puppies, livestock then bloody diarrhea
Campylobacter
152
Parrots
Chlamydophila psittaci
153
Aerosols of cattle/sheep amniotic fluid
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
154
Lone star tics
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
155
Dermacentor tics
Rickettsia rickettsii
156
Ticks, rabbits, deer fly
Francisella tularensis
157
Armadillo
Mycobacterium leprae
158
Animal bite
Pasteurella multocida
159
Fleas
- Rickettsia typhi (endemic typhus)
| - Yersinia pestis (on rats and prarie dogs)
160
Whiff test, Clue cells
Gardnerella vaginalis
161
Palms and soles rash
Coxsackievirus A (HF&M disease)
RMSF (starts on wrists)
Secondary syphilis
162
Rash that starts centrally, spreads out and spares palms/soles (from fleas/louse)
Endemic or Epidemic Typhus
163
Stages of chlamydia life cycle
Elementary body can live outside cells (gets endocytosed); Reticular body forms from EB and replicated by binary fission; RB transforms into EB
164
Lymphogranuloma venerum
Chlamydia trachomatis types L1-L3
165
Chlamydia induced blindness
Types A, B, C
166
Cold agglutinins (IgM)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
167
MIssissippi and OH river valleys (caves)
HIstoplasmosis (macrophage filled with Histoplasma)
168
East of Mississippi and Central America
Blastomycosis (broad based buds)
169
Southwestern USA (California after earthquake)
Coccidioidomycosis (spherules filled with endospores)
170
Latin America
Paracoccidioidomycosis (looks like captin's wheel)
171
Spaghetti and meatballs
Malassezia furfur (tinea versicolor)
172
Treatment of versicolor
Topical miconazole
| Selenium sulfide
173
Pseudohyphae at 20; germ tubes at 37
Candida albicans (opportunistic)
174
Septate hyphae at 45; Conidiophore with radiating chains
Aspergillus fumigatus (opportunistic)
175
Opportunistic fungi that causes meningitis
Cryptococcus neoformans
176
Diabetic ketoacidosis and leukemic patients
Mucormycosis
177
Latex agglutination test to detech polysaccharide capsular antigen
Cryptococcus
178
Fungal infection that increases risk of HCC
Aspergillus (produces aflatoxins)
179
Pigeon droppings
Cryptococcus
180
Treatment for pneumocystic jirovecci
TMP-SMX (prophylaxis with dapsone or atovaquone at CD4 <200)
181
Nodules along draining lymphatics
Sporothrix schenckii (from rose prick)
182
Treatment for sporothrix schenckii
Potassium iodide or itraconazole
183
Oocysts in water transmission
Cryptosporidium
184
Cysts in water transmission
Giardia lamblia
| Entamoeba histolytica
185
Bloody diarrhea; Flask shaped ulcer; liver abscess with anchovy paste exudate
Entamoeba histolytica
186
Bloating, flatulence, fatty diarrhea
Giardia lamblia
187
Severe diarrhea in AIDS
Cryptosporidium
188
Trophozoites (with RBCs in cytoplasm) or Cysts (with up to 4 nuclei)
Entamoeba histolytica
189
Cryptosporidium treatment
Nitazoxanide
190
Transmitted by cysts in meat or oocysts in cat feces
Toxoplasma gondii
191
Transmitted by Tsetse fly (painful bite)
Trypanosoma brucei (African sleeping sickness)
192
Transmitted when freshwater lake swimming and enters cribriform plate
Naegleria fowleri
193
Causes ring-enhancing grain lesions and chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus and intracranial calcifications
Toxoplasmosis
194
Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis with amoebas in spinal fluid
Naegleria fowleri
195
Treatment for Trypanosoma infection
Suramin (blood borne disease)
| Melarsoprol (CNS penetration)
196
Maltese cross on blood smear
Babesia
197
Reduviid bug
Trypanosoma cruzi
198
Sandfly
Leishmania donovani
199
Sexual protozoa
Trichomonas vaginalis (treat partner with metronidazole)
200
Blackfly bite
Onchocerca volvulus (causes hyperpigmentation and river blindness)
201
Ingested nematodes
Enterobius (pinworm)
Ascaris (fiant roundworm)
Toxocara canis (causes visceral larva migrans)
202
Nematodes that penetrate skin
Strongyloides (worm ball)
Ancylostoma (hookworm)
Necator (hookworm)
203
Nematodes that enter via bites
```
Loa Loa (worm in conjunctiva)
Onchocerca volvulus (River blindness)
Wuchereria bancrofti (elephantitis)
```
204
Biliary tract disease, cholangiocarcinoma
Clonorchis sinensis (from undercooked fish)
205
Brain cysts, seizures
Taenia solium (cysticercosis fromeating eggs)
206
Hematuria, bladder cancer
Schistosoma haematobium
207
Liver (hyadatid) cysts
Echinococcus granulosus
208
Microcytic anemia
Ancyostoma
| Necator
209
Perianal pruritis
Enterobius
210
Portal HTN
Schistosoma mansoni
| Schistosoma japonicum
211
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Diphyllobothrium latum
