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1st Aid Memorize > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Where is sonic hedgehog gene produced?

A

base of limbs in zone of polarizing activity

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2
Q

What does sonic hedgehog gene do?

A
  • Patterning along anterior-posterior axis

- CNS development

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3
Q

What can result from sonic hedgehog mutation?

A

holoprosencephaly

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4
Q

Where is Wnt-7 gene produced?

A

apical ectodermal ridge (thickened ectoderm at distal end of each developing limb)

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5
Q

What is the Wnt-7 gene for?

A

proper organization along dorsal ventral axis

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6
Q

Where is FGF gene produced?

A

apical ectodermal ridge

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7
Q

What does FGF gene do?

A

stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm (providing for lengthening of limbs)

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8
Q

What do the homeobox genes do?

A

involved in segmental organization of embryo in craniocaudal direction

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9
Q

What can hox mutations cause?

A

appendages in wrong locations

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10
Q

Origin: PNS

A

Neural crest

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11
Q

Origin: CNS

A

neuroectoderm

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12
Q

Origin: Adenohypophysis

A

Surface ectoderm (Rathke pouch)

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13
Q

Origin: Muscle

A

mesoderm

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14
Q

Origin: anal canal above pectinate line

A

endoderm

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15
Q

Origin: gut tube endothelium

A

endoderm

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16
Q

Origin: C cells of thyroid

A

neural crest

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17
Q

Origin: retina and optic nerve

A

Neuroectoderm

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18
Q

Origin: epithelial linings of oral cavity

A

surface ectoderm

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19
Q

Origin: bone

A

mesoderm

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20
Q

Origin: lens of eye

A

surface ectoderm

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21
Q

Origin: Pia and arachnoid mater

A

neural crest

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22
Q

Origin: urethra

A

endoderm (derived from UG sinus)

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23
Q

Origin: connective tissue

A

mesoderm

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24
Q

Origin: Lymphatics and blood

A

mesoderm

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25
Q

Origin: bones of skull

A

neural crest

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26
Q

Origin: anal canal below pectinate line

A

surface ectoderm

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27
Q

Origin: parotid, sweat, and mammary glands

A

Surface ectoderm

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28
Q

Origin: melanocytes

A

neural crest

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29
Q

Origin: chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

A

neural crest

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30
Q

Origin: lungs, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells,e ustacian tube

A

endoderm

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31
Q

Origin: nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc

A

notochord

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32
Q

Origin: spleen

A

mesoderm

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33
Q

Origin: vagina, kidneys, testes, ovaries

A

Mesoderm (intermediate)

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34
Q

Origin: Ondontoblasts

A

neural crest cells

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35
Q

Origin: adrenal cortex

A

mesoderm

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36
Q

Origin: dermis

A

mesoderm

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37
Q

Origin: epidermis

A

surface ectoderm

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38
Q

Origin: sensory organs of ear and olfactory epithelium

A

surface ectoderm

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39
Q

Origin: aorticopulmonary septum

A

neural crest

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40
Q

Origin: peritoneum

A

Mesoderm

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41
Q

Origin: CV structures

A

mesoderm

42
Q

Teratogenic effects: ACE inhibitors

A

renal damage

43
Q

Teratogenic effects: alkylating agents

A

absence of digits

multiple anomalies

44
Q

Teratogenic effects: aminoglycosides

A

CN VIII toxicity

45
Q

Teratogenic effects: carbamazepine

A 
Neural tube defects
craniofacial defects
fingernail hypoplasia
developmental delay
IUGR
46
Q

Teratogenic effects: DES

A

Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma

congenital Mullerian anomalies

47
Q

Teratogenic effects: folate antagonists

A

neural tube defects

48
Q

Teratogenic effects: lithium

A

Ebstein anomaly (atrialized right ventricle)

49
Q

Teratogenic effects: methimazole

A

aplasia cutis congenita

50
Q

Teratogenic effects: phenytoin

A

fetal hydantoin syndrome (microcephaly, dysmorphic craniofacial features, hypoplastic nails and distal phalanges, cardiac defects, IUGR, intellectual disability)

51
Q

Teratogenic effects: tetracyclines

A

discolored teeth

52
Q

Teratogenic effects: thalidomide

A

limb defects (phocomelia, micromelia)

53
Q

Teratogenic effects: valproate

A

inhibition of maternal folate absorption (neural tube defects)

54
Q

Teratogenic effects: warfarin

A

Bone deformities
Fetal hemorrhage
Abortion
Ophthalmologic abnormalities

55
Q

Teratogenic effects: cocaine

A

abnormal fetal growth
fetal addiction
placental abruption

56
Q

Teratogenic effects: smoking

A
  • Low birth weight
  • Preterm labor
  • Placental problems
  • IUGR
  • ADHD
57
Q

Teratogenic effects: Iodine

A 
congenital goiter (due to EXCESS)
hypothyroidism (cretinism due to LACK)
58
Q

Teratogenic effects: maternal diabetes

A
  • Caudal regression syndrome (anal atresia to sirenomelia)
  • Congenital heart defects
  • Neural tube defects
59
Q

Teratogenic effects: vitamin A excess

A
  • Spontaneous abortions

- Birth defects (cleft palate, heart abnormalities)

60
Q

Teratogenic effects: x-rays

A

Microcephaly

Intellectual disability

61
Q

Smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, small palpebral fissures, hypertelorism

A

FAS

62
Q

Number of umbilical arteries

A

2

63
Q

Number of umbilical veins

A

1

64
Q

What are the umbilical arteries and veins derived from?

A

allantois

65
Q

When is the allantois formed?

A

3rd week (extends from yolk sac into UG sinus)

66
Q

What does the allantois become?

A

urachus (duct between fetal bladder and yolk sac)

67
Q

What are long-term consequencesof urachal cyst?

A

infection

adenocarcinoma

68
Q

What is the omphalo-mesenteric duct?

A

vitelline duct

69
Q

When does the vitelline duct obliterate?

A

7th week

70
Q

Is a Meckel diverticulum true or false?

A

true

71
Q

Where do branchial clefts (grooves) arise from?

A

ectoderm

72
Q

Where do branchial arches arise from?

A 
mesoderm (muscles, arteries)
neural crest (bones, cartilage)
73
Q

Where do branchial pouches arise from?

A

endoderm

74
Q

What does 1st branchial cleft form?

A

external auditory meatus

75
Q

What is a persistent cervical sinus (2nd-4th branchial cleft)?

A

branchial cleft cyst (lateral neck)

76
Q

Which branchial arch forms:
Mandible
Malleus, incus
sphenoMandibular ligament

A

1st

77
Q 
Which branchial arch forms:
Thryoid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Arytenoids
Corniculate cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage
A

4th-6th

78
Q 
Which branchial arch forms:
Stapes
Styloid process
Lesser horn of hyoid
Stylohyoid ligament
A

2nd

79
Q

Which branchial arch forms the greater horn of the hyoid?

A

3rd

80
Q

Which branchial arch forms muscles of mastication?

A

1st

81
Q

Which branchial arch forms stylopharyngeus?

A

3rd

82
Q

Which branchial arch forms muscles of facial expression and stapedius?

A

2nd

83
Q

Which branchial arch forms all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid?

A

6th

84
Q

Which branchial arch forms most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, and levator veli palatini?

A

4th

85
Q

What nerves innervate 1st branchial arch?

A

V2 and V3

86
Q

What nerves innervate 2nd branchial arch?

A

CN VII

87
Q

What nerve innervates 3rd branchial arch?

A

CN IX

88
Q

What nerve innervates 4th branchial arch?

A

Superior laryngeal branch of X

89
Q

What nerve innervates 6th branchial arch?

A

Recurrent laryngeal branch of X

90
Q

What is Treacher Collins?

A

1st arch neural crest fails to migrate

91
Q

What is congenital pharyngo-cutaneous fistula?

A

persistence of cleft and pouch (2nd) so get fistula between tonsilar area and lateral neck

92
Q

What arches for posterior 1/3 of tongue?

A

3 and 4

93
Q

What is the mnemonic for branchial arch derivatives?

A

When at the golden arches, children CHEW (1), SMILE (2) then swallow STYLishly (3) or simply SWALLOW (4) then SPEAK (6)

94
Q

What does 1st branchial pouch become?

A

Endoderm-lined structures of ear

95
Q

What does 2nd branchial pouch become?

A

epithelial lining of palatine tonsil

96
Q

What does 3rd branchial pouch become?

A
  • Dorsal wings (inferior parathyroids)

- Ventral wings (thalamus)

97
Q

What does the 4th branchial pouch become?

A

-Dorsal winges (superior parathyroids)

98
Q

Male gubernaculum remnant

A

anchors testes within scrotum

99
Q

Female gubernaculum remnant

A

ovarian ligament + round ligament of uterus

100
Q

Processus vaginalis male remnant

A

TUnica vaginalis

101
Q

Processus vaginalis female remnant

A

obliterated

1st Aid Memorize (21 decks)

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