Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

on a head CT is ischaemic events
1)hypodense
2)hyperdense?

A

cortical hypodensity shows ischaemia

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2
Q

carotid artery stenosis is imaged?

A

duplex ultrasound - uses sound waves and combines both below USS technology

Traditional ultrasound: Uses sound waves to create pictures of blood vessels

Doppler ultrasound: Records sound waves reflecting off moving objects, like blood, to measure their speed and flow

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3
Q

management of TIA?

A

aspirin 300mg immediately except for contraindications

assessment by a stroke specialist in 24hours

clopidogrel 300mg followed by 75mg +aspiririn

followed by clopidogrel monotherapy

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4
Q

myasthenia gravis is associated with?

A

thymoma
autoimmune disorders - PA
SLE, Rheumatoid

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5
Q

how to investigate Myasthenia gravis?

A

single fibre electromyography
CT thorax thymoma
CK normal

tensilon test - iV edrophonium

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6
Q

mx of myasthenia gravis?

A

long acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
pyridostigmine

immunosuppresion can be achieved with prednisolone
azathiopirine

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7
Q

mx of myasthenic crisis?

A

plasmapheresis
IV immunoglobulins

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8
Q

where does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

occipital cortex ; situated posteriorly to the optic tract

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9
Q

A 67-year-old woman attends the emergency department complaining of a disturbance to her vision. She explains that her symptoms developed suddenly around 20 minutes ago, and adds that she struggles to identify objects on her right side.

PMHx: DM2, HTN

A

this is a contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing and visual agnosia - characteristic of PCA infarct

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10
Q

Lacunar strokes

A

isolated hemiparesis, hemisensory loss or hemiparesis with limb ataxia

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11
Q

mononeuritis multiplex

A

sporadic
non consistent nerve trunks

both sensory
and motor

has a systemic cause
WARDS PLC

wegener’s, amyloidosis, Rheumatoid arthritids, Diabetes, Sarcoid, PAN, leprosy

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12
Q

seizure types

A

generalised tonic clonic > sodium Valproate
lamotrigine
levetricetam

focal
lamotrigine

myoclonic
M: SV
F: Levetiracetam

tonic / atonic seizure
M: Sodium valproate
F: lamotrigine

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13
Q

when should you start antiepileptic

A

pt has neurological deficit
brain imaging shows structural abnormality

EEG unequivocal epileptic activity

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14
Q

myasthenia exarcebated by LAB-QT-MG

A

lithium
abx
betablockers
quinolones
tetracyclines
macrolides
gentamycin

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15
Q

guillain barre sydnrome

A

peripheral neuropathy
nerves outside fo CNS (the brain and spinal cord)

= LMN signs: hyporeflexia

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16
Q

Aphasia
supplied by superiro division of left MCA

comprehension is normal

A

expressive - BROCA
inferior frontal gyrus

17
Q

comprehension is impaired but speech remains fluent?

A

receptive aphasia

WERNICKE

18
Q

conduction aphasia?

A

speech is fluent but repetition is poor
aware of errors

19
Q

what comes first? korsakoff or wernickes

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Trid of
nystagmus, ataxi,encephalopathy

MRI
replace thiamine

Korsakoff- antero-retrograde amnesia

20
Q

lateral medullary syndrome

A

cerebeller signs
contraletral sensory loss
same side Horner’s

posterior inferior cerebellar artery infarct

21
Q

GCS

M?

A

M6
6. Obeys commands
5. Localises to pain
4. Withdraws from pain
3. Abnormal flexion to pain (decorticate posture)
2. Extending to pain
1. None

22
Q

GCS
verbal?

A
  1. Orientated
  2. Confused
  3. Words
  4. Sounds
  5. None
23
Q

degenerative cervical myelopathy

A

smoking
pain
los of motor function

24
Q

The most characteristic feature of a common peroneal nerve lesion is

A

foot drop.

25
Q

Intubate if the GCS is less than 8

A

This patient’s GCS = 7 (E1, V2, M4). Therefore he requires emergency intubation by a suitably trained clinician to secure his airway, as his GCS is less than 8. This is the most immediate action that needs to be taken as he is otherwise at risk of losing his airway and deteriorating rapidly within seconds to minutes.

26
Q

what is a PEG

A

Percutaneous gastrostomy tube (PEG) is the preferred way to support nutrition in patents with motor neuron disease
MND

27
Q

location of seizures?
aura
> rising sinking feeling in tummy
>deja vu
> hallucinations

seizure
>lip smacking

A

temporal lobe

28
Q

frontal lobe seizure?

A

head/leg movement
psoturing
post ictal weakness

29
Q

pareital lobe seizures?

A

parastehsia

30
Q

most common primary brain tumour kids?

A

pilocytic astrocytoma
rosenthal fibres/ corkscrew

31
Q

arise from arachnoid cao cells?

symptoms are compressive

spindle cell in concenteric whorls and calcified psamomma bodies?

A

meningioma

32
Q

what is subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord ?

A

Dorsal columns and lateral corticospinal tracts are affected
from a b12 deficiency

33
Q

proprioception and vibration sense comes from?

A

dorsal columns

34
Q

lateral corticospinal tract involvemen

A
35
Q
A
36
Q

Bells Palsy

A

Forehead affected is bells / LMN sign
Sometimes associ w HSV

mx prednisoalome

37
Q

Management of Parkinson’s?

A

Levodopa

Dopamine agonist

38
Q

Stroke management

A

Fluid management
Hydration status

Isotonic saline wi dextrose

Glycaemic control

39
Q

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

Urinary incontinence
Gait abnormality
Dementia