Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Aldosterone actions?
it is a?

what does it do in the DT?
CD?

A

mineralocorticoid steroid hormone

acts on nephrons

1) Na+ reabsorbed from DT
2) K+ secretion is increasted in DT

3) Hydrogen is secreted in CD

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2
Q

angiotensinogen is found in the?

converted into? by?

A

liver
angiotensin 1 by renin

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3
Q

Ang I > Ang II

A

angiotensin converting enzymes found in the lungs turn ang 1 > ang 2

Ang II acts on
cardiac cells
vasoconstricts
adrenal cortex > aldosterone

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4
Q

Hypothalamus releases ______

this acts on anterior pituitary releasing GH

GH stimulates release of ____ from ____

this acts on?

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone

GH stimulates liver > IGF-1

> acts on muscles, bones, myocytes

somatostatin negative feedback

ghrelin (stomach) + feedback

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5
Q

anterior pituitary releases 5 hormones

A

1) TSH
2) ACTH
3) GH
4) FSH/LH
5)prolactin

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6
Q

where is aldosterone produced in the adrenal cortex?

A

zona glomerulosa

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7
Q

adrenaline / catecholamines produced where in adrenal gland?

A

medulla

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8
Q

Primary hyperthyroidism?

TFT result?

A

thyroid is dysfunction - excessive thyroid hormone

low / suppressed TSH
high t3/t4

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9
Q

causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves
Inflammation - thyroidistis
solitary toxic nodule
toxic multinodular goitre

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10
Q

what are the antibodies in Graves disease?

A

TSH receptor stimulating antibodies

anti thyroid perioxidase Abs

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11
Q

what imaging in thyroid disease?

A

radioisotope USS of thyroid gland

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12
Q

how is a radioisotope scan carried out?

A

iodine given orally or IV

gamma camera detects gamma rays from the iodine

function info given

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13
Q

radioisotope findings
Grave?
Toxic multinodular / adenoma

Thyroid cancer?

A

diffuse high uptake

focal uptake

abnormally low uptake

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14
Q

Causes of hypothyroidism?

A

hashimotos thyroiditis
iodine deficiency

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15
Q

what is complications of hyperthyroidism?

A

thyroid storm / thyrotoxicosis

AF >

exophthalmos
opthalmoplegia

pretibial myxoedema

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16
Q

Thyroid storm management

A

admission to hospital
antithyroid medication

steroids
+ supportive care

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17
Q

Medical management of Graves?

A

carbimazole - 40mg

propranalol - symptom control

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18
Q

what 2 antibodies found in hashimotos?

A

anti thyroglobulin
anti thyroid perioxidase

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19
Q

Mx of hypothyroidism?

how long till check?

A

Levothyroxine 50-100mcg od

8-12 weeks

20
Q

what would be considered a normalisation of thyroid?

A

TSH value 0.5-2.5 mU/l

21
Q

Pregnancy and hypothyroidism

levothyroxine changes?

A

dose increase by 25-50micrograms

22
Q

which supplements commonly given affect levothyroxine absorption?

A

iron
calcium

give 4 hours apart

23
Q

what 2 drugs can impact thyroid?

A

lithium

amiodarone

24
Q

levothyroxine is?

A

synthetic t4 > t3

25
what are the 2 types of corticosteroid hormones?
glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids
26
Cushing disease refers to?
pituitary adenoma > ACTH > cortisol
27
causes of cushing syndrome
Cushing D adrenal adenoma paraneoplastic exogenous steroids
28
Cushing syndrome diagnosis?
dexamethasone suppression test
29
A normal response to dexamethasone abnormal
cortisol is suppressed lack of cortisol suppression indicates CS
30
Ix cushing
FBC - wcc u&es - hypokalaemia MRI brain CT chest - SCLC CT abdo - adrenal tumour
31
Mx of cushing? pituitary adenoma? adrenal?
trans sphenoidal surgical
32
low dose dexamethasone dosage?
1mg given at night cortisol checked in the am failure of suppression of cortisol indicates? CS
33
high dose dexamethasone test? differentiates between?
2mg pituitary / adrenal cause high enough to suppress pituitary adenoma bur nor adrenal
34
excess growth hormone features?
superior bitemporal hemianopia frontal bossing sweaty large nose macroglossia prganthism
35
acromegaly Ix? confirmatory test? what dose? what is normal?
Insulin Like Growth factor -1 > venous blood sample > immunoassay growth hormone suppresion test 75g of glucose drink > 2 hours later test GH > suppressed is normal
36
Imaging for acromegaly
MRI brain to visualise pituitary adenoma
37
definative mx of acromegaly?
transphenoidal surgery
38
example of a somatostatin analogue?
octreotide
39
which 2 can be used in medical management of acromegaly?
octreotide bromocriptine blocks GH release
40
what is negative feedback to pituitary gland producing GH?
somatostatin
41
Prolactinoma 1st line management?
dopamine agonist cabergoline bromocriptine
42
causes of raised prolactin
prolactinoma pregnancy oestrogen stress PCOS acromegaly
43
drugs causing prolactinoma?
metoclopramide haloperidol SSRI / opioid
44
Initial tests for phaeochromocytoma
plasma free metanephrines 24hr urine catecholamines
45
Mx of phaeo
alpha blockade > beta blockade >surgical removal of the tumour
46
Adrenal insufficiency how to diagnose?
short synacthen test cortisol checked should double
47