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501😩 is hard > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is a potential cause of seizure?

a)  Hyperthyroidism
b)  Hypercholesterolaemia
c)  Hyponatraemia
d)  Hyperkalaemia

A

 Hyponatraemia

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2
Q

Parkinson’s disease is because of a reduction in which neurotransmitter?

a)  Dopamine
b)  Acetylcholine
c)  Serotonin
d)  Glutamate

A

a)  Dopamine

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3
Q

Electrical discharge affecting the whole brain is known as a:

a)  Simple Focal Seizure
b)  Complex Focal Seizure
c)  Myoclonic Seizure
d)  Tonic-Clonic Seizure

A

d)  Tonic-Clonic Seizure

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4
Q

Which of the following are patients with early-stage Vascular Dementia likely to experience?

a)  Emotional blunting
b)  No change in personality
c)  Difficulties with speech
d)  Memory loss

A

c)  Difficulties with speech

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5
Q

What type of seizure is described below?
Erratic electrical activity occurs in a specific area of the brain and does not spread; consciousness becomes impaired
a)  Complex focal seizure
b)  Simple focal seizure
c)  Myoclonic seizure
d)  None of the above

A

a)  Complex focal seizure

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6
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are caused by the degeneration of which part of the brain?

a)  Amygdala
b)  Motor cortex
c)  Basal ganglia
d)  Cerebral cortex

A

c)  Basal ganglia

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7
Q

Which of the following pathophysiological changes do NOT occur in Alzheimer’s dementia?

a)  Tau proteins
b)  Amyloid plaques
c)  Neurofibrillary tangle
d)  Ischemic damage

A

d)  Ischemic damage

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8
Q

What term is applied to seizure activity that has a physical or medical cause, such as electrolyte imbalance or hypoglycaemia?

a)  Status Epilepticus
b)  Dissociative Seizure
c)  Organic Seizure
d)  Myoclonic Seizure

A

c)  Organic Seizure

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9
Q

Erratic electrical activity which remains only in a localised part of the brain; but is associated with a loss of consciousness, but with no other symptoms is known as a:
(1 Mark)
a)  Simple Focal Seizure
b)  Complex Focal Seizure
c)  Myoclonic Seizure
d)  Tonic-Clonic Seizure

A

b)  Complex Focal Seizure

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10
Q

Which of the following actions can be taken as a measure to reduce the risk of vascular dementia?
Reduce screen time
Regular annual leave
Better sleep hygiene
Stop Smoking

A

Stop Smoking

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11
Q

Discuss the immediate management required for caring for an adult or child experiencing a seizure. (4 Marks)

A
  • Note down the time seizure starts
    -Time the seizure
  • Keep airway open
  • Reduce changes of brain damage/ hitting head eg. lower hospital bed, place sides up and place padding such as pillows
  • Loosen clothing
  • Protect patients privacy
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12
Q

“Reducing a child’s fever will stop a febrile convulsion”. Discuss the accuracy of this statement.
(4 Marks)

A

A febrile convulsion is linked to a high fever

Most high fevers are caused by infections

So reducing the temp might not stop the infection and therefore a child might keep spiking temps

Reducing temp might help calm the child

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13
Q

Describe the possible Social/ Psychosocial implication of seizures

A

Reducing exposure to a stimulus
Mental health issues with chronic conditions
Stigma of epilepsy
The stigma around epilepsy contributes to mental health difficulties such as anxiety and depression, especially if the epilepsy Is chronic

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14
Q

Describe two possible social implications of seizures

(2 Marks)

A

The stigma around epilepsy contributes to mental health difficulties such as anxiety and depression, especially if the epilepsy Is chronic

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15
Q

Explain strokes, how they occur and the risk factors.

A

Sudden interruption of blood supply to the brain:
Risk factors
* Hypertension
* Atherosclerosis
* Diabetes
* Obesity
* Stress
* Family history
* Older age
* Male gender

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16
Q

What is the management of a stroke?

A

F-A-S-T test

Management
* Stop the bleeding
* Prevent an increase in intracranial pressure
* Elevate head to decrease intracranial pressure
* Assist with communication skills
* Liquid diet

17
Q

What are the differences between ischaemic strokes and haemorrhagic strokes?

A

Ischaemic (blockage in the brain) stroke:

  • Thrombotic: a blood clot forms on the artery wall and blocks blood flow the brain
  • Embolism: A blood clot has left part of the body and blocks the brain
  • Leads to ischemia and increased intracranial pressure

Haemorrhagic (bleeding in the brain) stroke:
- Ruptured artery
- Aneurysm (weakening of the vessel)
- Uncontrolled hypertension
- Leads to ischemia (blood flow is cut off) Collection of blood in the brain

18
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease? Relate the signs and symptoms to the pathophysiology.

A

S&S
* Tremor
* Rigidity
* Hypokinesia

Caused by a reduction in dopamine
Basal ganglia in the brain affected

19
Q

What is dementia/patho? what are the behavioural and psychological impacts? Risk factors?

A

Patho:
Brain lesions (abnormal tissue) in the amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Tau protein build up = bad
Behavioural and psychological impacts
* Memory loss
* Communication difficulties

Risk
* Family history
* Age

20
Q

what is a seizure?

A

Abnormal and sudden electrical activity of the brain
Epilepsy: Chronic seizure activity due to a chronic condition

21
Q

What are the causes of seizures?

A
  • High fever (Febrile seizure in child)
  • CNS infection
  • Drug or alcohol withdrawl
  • ABG imbalance
  • Hypoxia
  • Brain tumour
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Head injury
  • Hypertension
22
Q

What are the different types of dementia?

A
  • Degenerative eg. Alzheimer’s disease
  • Vascular (damage to the blood supply to the brain – can’t concentrate)
  • Metabolic
  • Toxic
  • Vitamin deficiency
  • Infectious
  • Endocrine
  • Psychiatric
23
Q

Explain partial seizures

A

Partial (focal) – one area of the brain is affected
* Simple
Sensory symptoms with motor symptoms and stays aware
* Complex
Altered behaviour/awareness and loss of consciousness for a few seconds

24
Q

Explain generalised seizures

A

Generalised (the entire brain is affected)
* Absence
Usually looks like a blank stare that lasts seconds. Often goes unnoticed
* Myoclonic
Sudden jerking or stiffening of the extremities (arms and legs)
* Tonic-clonic
Electric discharge affects the whole brain. Stiffening (tonic) and rigid (clonic) of the muscles
* Atonic
Sudden loss of muscle tone. This may lead to sudden falls or dropping things

25
Q

What is Status epilepticus?

A

A seizure that lasts more than 5 mins without any consciousness during the seizure

26
Q

What is the management of Sezuires?

A
  • Time and duration of seizure
  • Maintain a patent airway (have o2 and suction available)
  • Loosen clothing
  • Pillow underhead
  • Bed in lowest position with sides up but padded
  • Privacy provided
  • Don’t restrain the patient, force the jaw open, place anything in the mouth or leave the patient alone

501😩 is hard (19 decks)

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