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501😩 is hard > 3. Renal > Flashcards

3. Renal Flashcards

1
Q

With reference to the Renin-Aldosterone-Angiotensin System (RAAS); describe how the body responds to hypotension.

A
  1. ANGIOTENSIN is produced and released from the LIVER
  2. RENIN is produced and released from the KIDNEYS
    RENIN converts ANGIOTENSIN to ANGIOTENSIN 1
    3.In the lungs ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE) converts ANGIOTENSIN 1 to ANGIOTENSIN 2
    ANGIOTENSIN 2 causes an increase in blood pressure
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2
Q

How does angiotensin 2 increase blood pressure?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • The pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone (stop weeing) to retain more water
  • Triggers adrenal glands to release the hormone aldosterone to increase NA+ levels in the blood so more water is reabsorbed due to osmosis
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3
Q

AKI
What is AKI?

A
  • Sudden kidney damage
  • Causes a build of waste and fluid products and electrolyte imbalance
  • Reversible
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4
Q

What are the 3 types of AKI?

A
  • Prerenal
  • Intrarenal
  • postrenal
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5
Q

AKI
What is Prerenal failure?

A
  • damage before the kidneys
  • reduced blood flow to the kidneys
  • eg. hypotension
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6
Q

AKI
What is intrarenal failure?

A
  • Damage in the kidneys
  • Prolonged ischemia (reduced blood flow and oxygen)
  • Eg. chemo
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7
Q

AKI
What is post renal failure?

A
  • Damage after the kidneys eg. urinary tract obstruction
  • Eg. kidney stones, UTI, urinary retention
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8
Q

Tests
What is GFR?

A

(Glomerular filtrate rate) – rate of blood flow through the kidneys (low result = kidney damage)

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9
Q

Tests
What is creatine?

A

end product of muscle metabolism (high reading = kidney damage)

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10
Q

Tests
What is BUN?

A
  • Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) – protein breakdown waste (high reading = kidney damage))
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11
Q

Tests
what is urine specific gravity?

A
  • Urine specific gravity – kidneys’ ability to excrete or conserve water
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12
Q

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
What is CKD?

A
  • Progressive kidney damage that occurs over a long period of time
  • Irreversible kidney damage
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13
Q

CKD is caused by>?

A
  • Untreated AKI
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
  • Family history
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14
Q

Signs and symptoms for CKD?

A
  • Almost every body system is affected
  • Hypertension, hypervolemia, heart failure)
  • Impaired immunity
  • Anorexia/ nausea and vomiting
  • Seizures
  • Anaemia (low RBCs)
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15
Q

Treatment for CKD

A
  • Dialysis
  • Kidney transplant
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16
Q

In a patient with a urinary tract infection; which test on a urine dipstick may indicate the presence of the disease?
a) Amylase
b) Retinol
c) Leukocytes
d) Glucose

A

c) Leukocytes

17
Q

Has come up twice - 15. In a patient with asymptomatic or undiagnosed chronic kidney disease; which test on a urine dipstick may indicate the presence of the disease?
* Blood
* High specific gravity
* Nitrates
* Protein

A
  • Protein
18
Q

Urinary retention would cause which type of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?
(1 Mark)
* Pre-Renal
* Intra-renal (Intrinsic)
* Post-Renal
* Mixed Cause

A

Post-Renal

19
Q

An enlarged prostate may cause which of the following kidney disorders? (1 Mark)
* Prerenal acute kidney injury
* Intrinsic acute kidney injury
* Postrenal acute kidney injury
* Chronic kidney disease =

A
  • Postrenal acute kidney injury

Postrenal (prostate is near the bladder)

20
Q

Hypotension would cause which type of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
* Pre-Renal
* Intra-renal (Intrinsic)
* Post-Renal
* Mixed Cause

A
  • Pre-Renal
21
Q

With reference to the Renin-Aldosterone-Angiotensin System (RAAS), which organs are involved in the system?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Liver
  • Lungs
22
Q

In relation to blood pressure and fluid balance regulation.
Name the system which is primary responsible for regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance: (1 Mark)

A

AS system (Renin-Aldosterone-Angiotensin System (RAAS)

23
Q

In relation to blood pressure and fluid balance regulation.
A drop in systemic blood pressure results in a loss of filtration pressure.
1. Which hormone is released in response to the reduced blood pressure? (1 Mark)
2. Which organ releases this hormone? (1 Mark)

A
  1. Renin
  2. Kidneys
24
Q

With reference to the Renin-Aldosterone-Angiotensin System (RAAS); describe how body responds to hypotension. / c) What are the effects of Angiotensin II with regards to increasing circulating volume and blood pressure? (3 Marks) (has come up twice)
(4 Marks)

A

Low blood pressure

  1. ANGIOTENSIN is produced and released from the LIVER
  2. RENIN is produced and released from the KIDNEYS
    RENIN converts ANGIOTENSIN to ANGIOTENSIN 1
  3. In the lungs ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME converts ANGIOTENSIN 1 to ANGIOTENSIN 2
  4. Angiotensin 2 causes an increase in blood pressure by:
    * Vasoconstriction
    * Pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone (stop weeing) to retain more water
    * Triggers adrenal glands to release the hormone aldosterone to increase NA+ levels in the blood so more water is reabsorbed due to osmosis
25
Q

Where is ANGIOTENSIN produced and released?

A

Liver

26
Q

WHere is RENIN is produced and released from?

A

Kidneys

26
Q

WHere is RENIN is produced and released from?

A

Kidneys

27
Q

What is Renin do?

A

converts ANGIOTENSIN to ANGIOTENSIN 1

28
Q

where is ANGIOTENSIN 1 converted to ANGIOTENSIN 2 ?

A

In the lungs ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE) converts ANGIOTENSIN 1 to ANGIOTENSIN 2

29
Q

what does RASS srand for?

A

Renin-Aldosterone-Angiotensin System

30
Q

ANGIOTENSIN 2 causes an increase in blood pressure by?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. The pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone (stop weeing) to retain more water
  3. Triggers adrenal glands to release the hormone aldosterone to increase NA+ levels in the blood so more water is reabsorbed due to osmosis
31
Q

what is acute kidney disease?

A

Sudden kidney damage
Causes a build of waste and fluid products and electrolyte imbalance
Reversible

32
Q

What are the 3 types of kidney failure?

A
  • Prerenal
    damage before the kidneys
    reduced blood flow to the kidneys
    eg. hypotension
  • Intrarenal
    Damage in the kidneys
    Prolonged ischemia (reduced blood flow and oxygen)
    Eg. chemo
  • Post-renal
    Damage after the kidneys eg. urinary tract obstruction
    Eg. kidney stones, UTI, urinary retention
33
Q

What are the tests for acute kidney disease?

A
  • GFR (Glomerular filtrate rate) – rate of blood flow through the kidneys (low result = kidney damage)
  • Creatinine – end product of muscle metabolism (high reading = kidney damage)
  • Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) – protein breakdown waste (high reading = kidney damage))
  • Urine specific gravity – kidneys’ ability to excrete or conserve water
34
Q

What is chronic kidney disease?

A

Progressive kidney damage that occurs over a long period of time
Irreversible kidney damage

35
Q

what is the cause of Chronic Kidney Disease?

A

Untreated AKI
Hypertension
Diabetes
Family history

36
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Kidney Disease?

A

Almost every body system is affected
Hypertension, hypervolemia, heart failure)
Impaired immunity
Anorexia/ nausea and vomiting
Seizures
Anaemia (low RBCs)

37
Q

What is the treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease?

A

Dialysis
Kidney transplant

501😩 is hard (19 decks)

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