3. Renal Flashcards
With reference to the Renin-Aldosterone-Angiotensin System (RAAS); describe how the body responds to hypotension.
- ANGIOTENSIN is produced and released from the LIVER
- RENIN is produced and released from the KIDNEYS
RENIN converts ANGIOTENSIN to ANGIOTENSIN 1
3.In the lungs ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE) converts ANGIOTENSIN 1 to ANGIOTENSIN 2
ANGIOTENSIN 2 causes an increase in blood pressure
How does angiotensin 2 increase blood pressure?
- Vasoconstriction
- The pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone (stop weeing) to retain more water
- Triggers adrenal glands to release the hormone aldosterone to increase NA+ levels in the blood so more water is reabsorbed due to osmosis
AKI
What is AKI?
- Sudden kidney damage
- Causes a build of waste and fluid products and electrolyte imbalance
- Reversible
What are the 3 types of AKI?
- Prerenal
- Intrarenal
- postrenal
AKI
What is Prerenal failure?
- damage before the kidneys
- reduced blood flow to the kidneys
- eg. hypotension
AKI
What is intrarenal failure?
- Damage in the kidneys
- Prolonged ischemia (reduced blood flow and oxygen)
- Eg. chemo
AKI
What is post renal failure?
- Damage after the kidneys eg. urinary tract obstruction
- Eg. kidney stones, UTI, urinary retention
Tests
What is GFR?
(Glomerular filtrate rate) – rate of blood flow through the kidneys (low result = kidney damage)
Tests
What is creatine?
end product of muscle metabolism (high reading = kidney damage)
Tests
What is BUN?
- Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) – protein breakdown waste (high reading = kidney damage))
Tests
what is urine specific gravity?
- Urine specific gravity – kidneys’ ability to excrete or conserve water
Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
What is CKD?
- Progressive kidney damage that occurs over a long period of time
- Irreversible kidney damage
CKD is caused by>?
- Untreated AKI
- Hypertension
- Diabetes
- Family history
Signs and symptoms for CKD?
- Almost every body system is affected
- Hypertension, hypervolemia, heart failure)
- Impaired immunity
- Anorexia/ nausea and vomiting
- Seizures
- Anaemia (low RBCs)
Treatment for CKD
- Dialysis
- Kidney transplant
In a patient with a urinary tract infection; which test on a urine dipstick may indicate the presence of the disease?
a) Amylase
b) Retinol
c) Leukocytes
d) Glucose
c) Leukocytes
Has come up twice - 15. In a patient with asymptomatic or undiagnosed chronic kidney disease; which test on a urine dipstick may indicate the presence of the disease?
* Blood
* High specific gravity
* Nitrates
* Protein
- Protein
Urinary retention would cause which type of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?
(1 Mark)
* Pre-Renal
* Intra-renal (Intrinsic)
* Post-Renal
* Mixed Cause
Post-Renal
An enlarged prostate may cause which of the following kidney disorders? (1 Mark)
* Prerenal acute kidney injury
* Intrinsic acute kidney injury
* Postrenal acute kidney injury
* Chronic kidney disease =
- Postrenal acute kidney injury
Postrenal (prostate is near the bladder)
Hypotension would cause which type of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
* Pre-Renal
* Intra-renal (Intrinsic)
* Post-Renal
* Mixed Cause
- Pre-Renal
With reference to the Renin-Aldosterone-Angiotensin System (RAAS), which organs are involved in the system?
- Kidneys
- Liver
- Lungs
In relation to blood pressure and fluid balance regulation.
Name the system which is primary responsible for regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance: (1 Mark)
AS system (Renin-Aldosterone-Angiotensin System (RAAS)
In relation to blood pressure and fluid balance regulation.
A drop in systemic blood pressure results in a loss of filtration pressure.
1. Which hormone is released in response to the reduced blood pressure? (1 Mark)
2. Which organ releases this hormone? (1 Mark)
- Renin
- Kidneys
With reference to the Renin-Aldosterone-Angiotensin System (RAAS); describe how body responds to hypotension. / c) What are the effects of Angiotensin II with regards to increasing circulating volume and blood pressure? (3 Marks) (has come up twice)
(4 Marks)
Low blood pressure
- ANGIOTENSIN is produced and released from the LIVER
- RENIN is produced and released from the KIDNEYS
RENIN converts ANGIOTENSIN to ANGIOTENSIN 1 - In the lungs ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME converts ANGIOTENSIN 1 to ANGIOTENSIN 2
- Angiotensin 2 causes an increase in blood pressure by:
* Vasoconstriction
* Pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone (stop weeing) to retain more water
* Triggers adrenal glands to release the hormone aldosterone to increase NA+ levels in the blood so more water is reabsorbed due to osmosis
