Cancer

Question 1

List the hall marks of cancer cells
(6 Marks)

Answer 1

1. Cell division in the absence of growth stimulatory signals (don’t need stimulation from another source to grow- can grow by themselves)
2. Evading growth suppressors (avoid factors that control and contain cell growth)
3. Evading apoptosis (resisting programmed cell death)
4. Enabling replicative immortality (unlimited replication)
5. Inducing angiogenesis (causing a blood supply to form so the tumour can grow)
6. Activating invasion and metastasis (spreading the malignant cells)

Question 2

What is neoplasm?

Answer 2

New growth of cells/ abnormal amount of tissue

Question 3

What is benign?

Answer 3

Not harmful. Doesn’t spread to other parts of the body

Question 4

What is Malignant?

Answer 4

Harmful. Invades neighbouring cells and spreads

Question 5

What is Carcinoma?

Answer 5

Malignant tumours of epithelial origin (lines organs) eg. lungs, breast, prostate and colon

Question 6

What is Adenocarcinoma?

Answer 6

Glandular epithelial cells

Question 7

What is Sarcoma?

Answer 7

Supporting tissues eg. bones, cartilage, fat, muscle

Question 8

What is Leukaemia?

Answer 8

Blood cancer. Bone marrow
Most common cancer in children

Question 9

What is Lymphoma?

Answer 9

Blood cancer. Lymph nodes and tissues

Question 10

What are the 6 hallmarks of cancer?

Answer 10

1. Cell division in the absence of growth stimulatory signals (don’t need stimulation from another source to grow- can grow by themselves)
2. Evading growth suppressors (avoid factors that control and contain cell growth)
3. Evading apoptosis (resisting programmed cell death)
4. Enabling replicative immortality (unlimited replication)
5. Inducing angiogenesis (causing a blood supply to form so the tumour can grow)
6. Activating invasion and metastasis (spreading the malignant cells)

Question 11

explain Tumour growth and development

Answer 11

1. Single-cell acquired gene mutation
2. The abnormal cell produces a clone population
3. Due to further genetic changes, the cells become invasive and irregular
4. Invade blood vessels and lymphatics

Question 12

Define Carcinogenesis

Answer 12

normal cells to cancer cells

Question 13

WHat are the Genetic aspects of cancer?

Answer 13

1. proto-oncogenes (gene involved in normal cell growth)
2. role of oncogenes (mutation of a proto-oncogenes that causes the growth of cancer cells)
3. tumour suppressor genes (causes the growth of a cell to slow down or apoptosis (a cell to die at the right time)

Question 14

What are the Grading/staging of cancer

Answer 14

1. cancer cells looks very similar to normal cells and are growing slowly
2. cancer cells don’t look familiar and are continually growing and dividing
3. cancer cells look very abnormal and are continually growing and diving
   X. Undetermined grade

Question 15

What does TNM stand for?

Answer 15

T- the size of the neoplasm and how far it has spread into near-by tissue (1-4 scale)
N- spread to lymph nodes (between 0 none in lymph nodes to 3 lots in lymph nodes)
M- spread to other parts of the body (0 not spread 1 has spread)