fundamentals not definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Explain Cell Necrosis

A
  • Unplanned/ accidental cell death due to injury or damage to the cell
    1. Increase in cell volume
    2. Loss of plasma membrane integrity
    3. Leakage of cellular contents
    4. Inflammation
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2
Q

What are the 3 Types of Cellular Communication ?

A

Nerve

Endocrine

Local signalling

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3
Q

What occurs in nerve signalling (6 marks) ? Give an disease example

A

Disease affecting nerve cell signalling: Parkinson’s disease

Used exclusively by neurones

Uses neurotransmitters (1 mark) to send chemicals through a gap – synapse (1 mark) to another neurone or to a receptor cell eg. muscles (or glands)(1 mark)

Fast, long-distance action (1 mark)

Specific routes of movement

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4
Q

What occurs in endocrine signalling? What is a related disease?

A

Diabetes

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5
Q

What occurs in local cell signalling?

A

Used in: Inflammatory response and cancer

Example: Sprained ankle

Signalling cell releases a local mediator to a cell close by to cause a local effect.

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6
Q

Describe general cell communication

A

General communication + cell signalling

  1. Signalling cell releases ligand (messenger)
  2. The ligand binds to a specific receptor
  3. Receptor cell receives the message
  4. Signal transduction: signal conveyed into and through cell
  5. Response: signal causes an effect
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7
Q

Describe Endocrine communication

A
  1. hormone (eg insulin)
  2. is released by the secreting gland (eg. pancreas)
  3. into the bloodstream
  4. hormone received by a receptor cell to stimulate action
  5. it is a slow communication method because the hormones diffuse around the entire body within its circulation (blood)
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8
Q

Define Iatrogenic

A

Iatrogenic (of a disease or symptoms) induced in a patient by the treatment or comments of a physician ie paralysis and loss of sensation in a baby’s arm from forceps delivery

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9
Q

EQ Which of the following is not a type of cellular communication?
Local

Systemic

Endocrine

Nerve

A

Systemic

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10
Q

In cell changes, which term describes ‘an increase in cell size and volume’? (1 Mark)

Hypertrophy

Dysplasia

Hyperplasia

Metaplasia

A

Hypertrophy

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11
Q

“The body functioning as a whole with all individual components working together” is:
Physiology

Pathophysiology

Integration

Epidemiology

A

Integration

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12
Q
  1. Which disease is idiopathic?

a)  Spreads rapidly in a population in a short time

b)  Is a new disease that rapidly spreads worldwide

c)  Has no known cause

d)  Was caused by medical intervention

A

c)  Has no known cause

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13
Q

In cellular communication, what the generic term given to a ‘chemical messengers’ which transmit between the signalling cell, and the receptor cell? (1 Mark)

Lymph

Ligand

Interneurone

Chemotaxes

A

Ligand

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14
Q

In cell changes, which term describes ‘an increase in the number of cells’?
(1 Mark)

Metaplasia

Dysplasia

Hyperplasia

Hypertrophy

A

Hyperplasia

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15
Q

“The cause, set of causes or manner of causation of disease” is:

Aetiology

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

A

Aetiology

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16
Q

Which disease is iatrogenic?

Spreads rapidly in a population in a short time

Is a new disease that rapidly spreads worldwide

Has no known cause

Was caused by medical intervention

A

Was caused by medical intervention

17
Q

EQ Which type of cellular communication uses neurotransmitters as the signalling molecule?
a) Telekinetic signalling

b)  Endocrine signalling

c)  Local signalling

d)  Nerve signalling

A

d)  Nerve signalling

18
Q

The death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development is called:

Apoptosis

Necrosis

Ischemia

Metaplasia

A

Apoptosis

19
Q

EQ In regard to cellular adaptation, hypertrophy refers to:

a)  Decrease in the cell size

b)  Transformation to another type of cell

c)  Increase in the number of cells

d)  Enlargement of individual cells

A

Enlargement of individual cells

20
Q

An increase in severity of pre-existing disease is called:

a) Inflammation
b) Exacerbation
c) Dysplasia
d) Atrophy

A

Exacerbation

21
Q

Describe the process of cellular communication (4 marks)

A

Signalling cell releases ligand (messenger)

The ligand binds to a specific receptor

Receptor cell receives a message

Signal transduction (signal conveyed into and through the cell)

Response: signal causes an effect

22
Q

EQ. Complete the table below to describe the key features of endocrine signalling (3 Marks)
Distribution:
Type of chemical messenger:
Method of transportation:

A

Distribution: bloodstream

Type of chemical messenger: hormone

Method of transportation: slow acting and diffuse around body using circulation

23
Q

Describe what happens when a cell dies by the process of Necrosis?
(4 Marks)

A

Unplanned

Increase in cell volume

Loss of plasma membrane integrity

Leakage of cellular contents

Inflammation

24
Q

Discuss the key features of Nerve Signalling

A

(3 Marks)

Used exclusively by neurones

Uses neurotransmitters

To send chemicals through a synapse

To another neurone or receptor cell

To regulate muscles or glands

Fast, long-distance

25
Q

In cellular communication:

List the three types of cellular signalling and name the type of chemical messenger used in each type:

A

endocrine: hormones

Nerve: neurotransmitter

Local: signalling cell

26
Q

Type of cellular signalling Chemical messenger

b) Give one example of cell signalling failure that leads to a disease process for each type named above Endocrine , Nerve and Local
(3 Marks)

A

Endocrine – diabetes

Nerve- Parkinsons

Local- cancer

27
Q

Describe what happens when the cell dies due to injury. Name the process. (5 Marks)

A

Necrosis (unplanned cell death)

Increase in cell volume

Loss of plasma membrane integrity

Leakage of cellular contents

Inflammation