infection and inflammation

Question 1

1. Which one of the following is involved in the acute inflammatory response?
   (1 Mark)
   * Red blood cells
   * Prostaglandins
   * Pepsin
   * Glucose

Answer 1

• Prostaglandins

Question 2

What is the main role of the T-Helper cell?

• Activate specific B-cells to respond to infection and produce antibodies
• Induce apoptosis
• Perform antigen-presentation
• Introduce cell-toxic proteins

Answer 2

Activate specific B-cells to respond to infection and produce antibodies

Question 3

Which cells are central to inflammatory and allergy responses?
* Mast cells
* Dendritic cells
* Macrophages
* Basophils

Answer 3

Mast cells

Question 4

Which of the blood tests below can be used to specifically monitor the presence of inflammation?
* Urea and Electrolyte
* C Reactive Protein
* Glycated Haemoglobin
* Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate

Answer 4

C Reactive Protein

Question 5

What is one of the key roles of the Dendritic Cell in stimulating the adaptive immune response?
a) Cloning
b) Antigen Presentation
c) Phagocytosis
d) Increase vascular permeability

Answer 5

b) Antigen Presentation

Question 6

Which cell is responsible for the production of antibodies?
a) B-Memory Cell
b) Clone Cell
c) T-Killer Cell
d) T-Helper Cell

Answer 6

d) T-Helper Cell

Question 7

Which of the following is not a ‘barrier’ in our innate immune response?
(1 Mark)
a) Stomach Acid
b) Mucous Membrane
c) Macrophages
d) Nasal Hair

Answer 7

c) Macrophages

Question 8

Which of the blood tests below can be used to specifically monitor the presence of inflammation?
a) Urea and Electrolytes (U&E)
b) C Reactive Protein (CRP)
c) Glycated Haemoglobin(HbA1c)
d) Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)

Answer 8

b) C Reactive Protein (CRP)

Question 9

Which one of the following is involved in the acute inflammatory response?
(1 Mark)
a) Red blood cells
b) Histamine
c) Pepsin
d) Glucose

Answer 9

b) Histamine

Question 10

Which of the following is responsible for causing pain?
a) Histamine
b) Prostaglandins
c) Neutrophils
d) Erythrocytes

Answer 10

a) Histamine

Question 11

Which of the following is not a symptom of vasodilation?
a) Heat
b) Erythema
c) Oedema
d) Thrombosis

Answer 11

d) Thrombosis

Question 12

What is Thrombosis?

Question 13

what is Oedema?

Question 14

What is Erythema?

Question 15

Which of the blood tests below can be used to monitor the body’s response to infection?
a) Urea and Electrolytes (U&E)
b) Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c)
c) EstimatedGlomerularFiltrationRate(eGFR)
d) White Blood Cell Count (WBCC)

Answer 15

d) White Blood Cell Count (WBCC)

Question 16

Identify the three phases of the inflammatory response and give an example of what happens in each. (6 Marks)

Answer 16

• cellular response – immune cells eg. neutrophils (have to name a specific wbc’s)
• release of inflammatory mediators (histamine which causes pain) – 2 marks

Question 17

What happens in the acute inflammatory response? (7 Marks)

Answer 17

• Tissue damage causes the release of inflammatory mediators eg .histamine (cardinal sign is pain)
• The vascular response (vasodilation and increased vascular permeability) allows more immune cells eg. neutrophils to respond (cellular response)
• Cardinal signs are redness, warmth and swelling
• These 3 responses allow the removal of infection

Question 18

Describe how the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) develops into the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (6 Marks)

Answer 18

• Chronic inflammation
• HIV causes HIV infection
• HIV damages the immune system (kills CD4 cells)
• The body can’t fight infection
• AIDS is the last stage of HIV infection
• Acquired immune deficiency syndrome