1. Fundamentals of Pathophysiology Flashcards
1
Q
Define Pathophysiology
A
Physiological (Changes occur in normal tissues/ organs)
Pathological (Change due to disease)
The disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury.
2
Q
Define Acute
A
Sudden onset
3
Q
Define Chronic
A
Long-standing or recurring
4
Q
Define Acute on Chronic
A
Flare-up of illness in a long-term condition
5
Q
Define Sub-Acute
A
A disease that progresses more rapidly than a chronic condition, but does not become acute
6
Q
Define Aetiology
A
Cause of disease
7
Q
Define Congenital
A
Inherited. present from birth
8
Q
Define Neoplastic
A
Abnormal mass of tissue
9
Q
Define Idiopathic
A
Describes a condition of unknown cause
10
Q
Define Pathogenesis
A
Infection leads to disease
11
Q
Define Exacerbation
A
problem/ illness gets worse
12
Q
Define Convalescence
A
Time spent recovering from an illness
13
Q
Define Mortality
A
Death
14
Q
Define Morbidity
A
Illness of Injury
15
Q
Define Epidemiology
A
study of disease distribution
16
Q
Define Epidemic
A
A disease thats affects occurin a Community
17
Q
Define Pandemic
A
A disease thats affects occurWorldwide
18
Q
Define Endemic
A
A disease that belongs to particular people or communities.
Generally consistent spread in certain popu or region could be low-lying, or not currently in huge numbers
19
Q
What is cell Atrophy?
A
Decrease in cell size
20
Q
What is cell hypertrophy?
A
Increase in cell size
21
Q
What is cell Hyperplasia?
A
Increase in cell number
22
Q
What is cell Metaplasia?
A
Cell replaced with a less specific cell type
23
Q
What is cell Dysplasia?
A
Abnormal changes and variation in cell shape and size
24
Q
Explain Apoptosis
A
- Programmed cell death
- The cell dies at the end of its life, controlling the population of cells
- Cell shrinkage
- Plasma membrane blebbing
- Formation of apoptotic bodies
- phagocytosis
25
Explain Cell Necrosis
- Unplanned/ accidental cell death due to injury or damage to the cell
1. Increase in cell volume
2. Loss of plasma membrane integrity
3. Leakage of cellular contents
4. Inflammation
26
Define Integration
Cells communicate to coordinate activity around the body and keep us disease free
27
What are the 3 Types of Cellular Communication ?
Nerve
Endocrine
Local signalling
28
What occurs in nerve signalling (6 marks) ? Give an disease example
Disease affecting nerve cell signalling: Parkinson's disease
Used exclusively by neurones
Uses neurotransmitters (1 mark) to send chemicals through a gap – synapse (1 mark) to another neurone or to a receptor cell eg. muscles (or glands)(1 mark)
Fast, long-distance action (1 mark)
Specific routes of movement
29
What occurs in endocrine signalling? What is a related disease?
Hormone released by a secreting gland into the bloodstream
hormone received by the receptor cell
to stimulate action
Slow communication method as diffuses around entire body
Diabetes
insulin from pancreas
30
Local cell signalling
used in:
Example:
What occurs/process:
Used in: Inflammatory response and cancer
Example: Sprained ankle
Signalling cell releases a local mediator to a cell close by to cause a local effect.
31
Describe general cell communication
General communication + cell signalling
1. Signalling cell releases ligand (messenger)
2. The ligand binds to a specific receptor
3. Receptor cell receives the message
4. Signal transduction: signal conveyed into and through cell
5. Response: signal causes an effect
32
Describe Endocrine communication
1. hormone (eg insulin)
2. is released by the secreting gland (eg. pancreas)
3. into the bloodstream
4. hormone received by a receptor cell to stimulate action
5. it is a slow communication method because the hormones diffuse around the entire body within its circulation (blood)
33
Define Iatrogenic
Iatrogenic (of a disease or symptoms) induced in a patient by the treatment or comments of a physician ie paralysis and loss of sensation in a baby's arm from forceps delivery
34
EQ Which of the following is not a type of cellular communication?
Local
Systemic
Endocrine
Nerve
Systemic
35
In cell changes, which term describes ‘an increase in cell size and volume’? (1 Mark)
Hypertrophy
Dysplasia
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Hypertrophy
36
“The body functioning as a whole with all individual components working together” is:
Physiology
Pathophysiology
Integration
Epidemiology
Integration
37
4. Which disease is idiopathic?
a) Spreads rapidly in a population in a short time
b) Is a new disease that rapidly spreads worldwide
c) Has no known cause
d) Was caused by medical intervention
c) Has no known cause
38
In cellular communication, what the generic term given to a ‘chemical messengers’ which transmit between the signalling cell, and the receptor cell? (1 Mark)
Lymph
Ligand
Interneurone
Chemotaxes
Ligand
39
In cell changes, which term describes ‘an increase in the number of cells’?
(1 Mark)
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
40
“The cause, set of causes or manner of causation of disease” is:
Aetiology
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Aetiology
41
Which disease is iatrogenic?
Spreads rapidly in a population in a short time
Is a new disease that rapidly spreads worldwide
Has no known cause
Was caused by medical intervention
Was caused by medical intervention
42
EQ Which type of cellular communication uses neurotransmitters as the signalling molecule?
a) Telekinetic signalling
b) Endocrine signalling
c) Local signalling
d) Nerve signalling
d) Nerve signalling
43
The death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development is called:
Apoptosis
Necrosis
Ischemia
Metaplasia
Apoptosis
44
EQ In regard to cellular adaptation, hypertrophy refers to:
a) Decrease in the cell size
b) Transformation to another type of cell
c) Increase in the number of cells
d) Enlargement of individual cells
Enlargement of individual cells
45
An increase in severity of pre-existing disease is called:
a) Inflammation
b) Exacerbation
c) Dysplasia
d) Atrophy
Exacerbation
46
Describe the process of cellular communication (4 marks)
Signalling cell releases ligand (messenger)
The ligand binds to a specific receptor
Receptor cell receives a message
Signal transduction (signal conveyed into and through the cell)
Response: signal causes an effect
47
EQ. Complete the table below to describe the key features of endocrine signalling (3 Marks)
Distribution:
Type of chemical messenger:
Method of transportation:
Distribution: bloodstream
Type of chemical messenger: hormone
Method of transportation: slow acting and diffuse around body using circulation
48
Describe what happens when a cell dies by the process of Necrosis?
(4 Marks)
Unplanned
Increase in cell volume
Loss of plasma membrane integrity
Leakage of cellular contents
Inflammation
49
Discuss the key features of Nerve Signalling
(3 Marks)
Used exclusively by neurones
Uses neurotransmitters
To send chemicals through a synapse
To another neurone or receptor cell
To regulate muscles or glands
Fast, long-distance
50
In cellular communication:
List the three types of cellular signalling and name the type of chemical messenger used in each type:
endocrine: hormones
Nerve: neurotransmitter
Local: signalling cell
51
Type of cellular signalling Chemical messenger
b) Give one example of cell signalling failure that leads to a disease process for each type named above Endocrine , Nerve and Local
(3 Marks)
Endocrine – diabetes
Nerve- Parkinsons
Local- cancer
52
Describe what happens when the cell dies due to injury. Name the process. (5 Marks)
Necrosis (unplanned cell death)
Increase in cell volume
Loss of plasma membrane integrity
Leakage of cellular contents
Inflammation
