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501😩 is hard > 1. Fundamentals of Pathophysiology > Flashcards

1. Fundamentals of Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Pathophysiology

A

Physiological (Changes occur in normal tissues/ organs)

Pathological (Change due to disease)

The disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury.

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2
Q

Define Acute

A

Sudden onset

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3
Q

Define Chronic

A

Long-standing or recurring

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4
Q

Define Acute on Chronic

A

Flare-up of illness in a long-term condition

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5
Q

Define Sub-Acute

A

A disease that progresses more rapidly than a chronic condition, but does not become acute

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6
Q

Define Aetiology

A

Cause of disease

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7
Q

Define Congenital

A

Inherited. present from birth

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8
Q

Define Neoplastic

A

Abnormal mass of tissue

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9
Q

Define Idiopathic

A

Describes a condition of unknown cause

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10
Q

Define Pathogenesis

A

Infection leads to disease

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11
Q

Define Exacerbation

A

problem/ illness gets worse

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12
Q

Define Convalescence

A

Time spent recovering from an illness

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13
Q

Define Mortality

A

Death

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14
Q

Define Morbidity

A

Illness of Injury

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15
Q

Define Epidemiology

A

study of disease distribution

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16
Q

Define Epidemic

A

A disease thats affects occurin a Community

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17
Q

Define Pandemic

A

A disease thats affects occurWorldwide

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18
Q

Define Endemic

A

A disease that belongs to particular people or communities.
Generally consistent spread in certain popu or region could be low-lying, or not currently in huge numbers

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19
Q

What is cell Atrophy?

A

Decrease in cell size

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20
Q

What is cell hypertrophy?

A

Increase in cell size

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21
Q

What is cell Hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell number

22
Q

What is cell Metaplasia?

A

Cell replaced with a less specific cell type

23
Q

What is cell Dysplasia?

A

Abnormal changes and variation in cell shape and size

24
Q

Explain Apoptosis

A
  • Programmed cell death
  1. The cell dies at the end of its life, controlling the population of cells
  2. Cell shrinkage
  3. Plasma membrane blebbing
  4. Formation of apoptotic bodies
  5. phagocytosis
25
Q

Explain Cell Necrosis

A
  • Unplanned/ accidental cell death due to injury or damage to the cell
    1. Increase in cell volume
    2. Loss of plasma membrane integrity
    3. Leakage of cellular contents
    4. Inflammation
26
Q

Define Integration

A

Cells communicate to coordinate activity around the body and keep us disease free

27
Q

What are the 3 Types of Cellular Communication ?

A

Nerve

Endocrine

Local signalling

28
Q

What occurs in nerve signalling (6 marks) ? Give an disease example

A

Disease affecting nerve cell signalling: Parkinson’s disease

Used exclusively by neurones

Uses neurotransmitters (1 mark) to send chemicals through a gap – synapse (1 mark) to another neurone or to a receptor cell eg. muscles (or glands)(1 mark)

Fast, long-distance action (1 mark)

Specific routes of movement

29
Q

What occurs in endocrine signalling? What is a related disease?

A

Hormone released by a secreting gland into the bloodstream
hormone received by the receptor cell
to stimulate action
Slow communication method as diffuses around entire body
Diabetes
insulin from pancreas

30
Q

Local cell signalling
used in:
Example:
What occurs/process:

A

Used in: Inflammatory response and cancer

Example: Sprained ankle

Signalling cell releases a local mediator to a cell close by to cause a local effect.

31
Q

Describe general cell communication

A

General communication + cell signalling

  1. Signalling cell releases ligand (messenger)
  2. The ligand binds to a specific receptor
  3. Receptor cell receives the message
  4. Signal transduction: signal conveyed into and through cell
  5. Response: signal causes an effect
32
Q

Describe Endocrine communication

A
  1. hormone (eg insulin)
  2. is released by the secreting gland (eg. pancreas)
  3. into the bloodstream
  4. hormone received by a receptor cell to stimulate action
  5. it is a slow communication method because the hormones diffuse around the entire body within its circulation (blood)
33
Q

Define Iatrogenic

A

Iatrogenic (of a disease or symptoms) induced in a patient by the treatment or comments of a physician ie paralysis and loss of sensation in a baby’s arm from forceps delivery

34
Q

EQ Which of the following is not a type of cellular communication?
Local

Systemic

Endocrine

Nerve

A

Systemic

35
Q

In cell changes, which term describes ‘an increase in cell size and volume’? (1 Mark)

Hypertrophy

Dysplasia

Hyperplasia

Metaplasia

A

Hypertrophy

36
Q

“The body functioning as a whole with all individual components working together” is:
Physiology

Pathophysiology

Integration

Epidemiology

A

Integration

37
Q
  1. Which disease is idiopathic?

a)  Spreads rapidly in a population in a short time

b)  Is a new disease that rapidly spreads worldwide

c)  Has no known cause

d)  Was caused by medical intervention

A

c)  Has no known cause

38
Q

In cellular communication, what the generic term given to a ‘chemical messengers’ which transmit between the signalling cell, and the receptor cell? (1 Mark)

Lymph

Ligand

Interneurone

Chemotaxes

A

Ligand

39
Q

In cell changes, which term describes ‘an increase in the number of cells’?
(1 Mark)

Metaplasia

Dysplasia

Hyperplasia

Hypertrophy

A

Hyperplasia

40
Q

“The cause, set of causes or manner of causation of disease” is:

Aetiology

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

A

Aetiology

41
Q

Which disease is iatrogenic?

Spreads rapidly in a population in a short time

Is a new disease that rapidly spreads worldwide

Has no known cause

Was caused by medical intervention

A

Was caused by medical intervention

42
Q

EQ Which type of cellular communication uses neurotransmitters as the signalling molecule?
a) Telekinetic signalling

b)  Endocrine signalling

c)  Local signalling

d)  Nerve signalling

A

d)  Nerve signalling

43
Q

The death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development is called:

Apoptosis

Necrosis

Ischemia

Metaplasia

A

Apoptosis

44
Q

EQ In regard to cellular adaptation, hypertrophy refers to:

a)  Decrease in the cell size

b)  Transformation to another type of cell

c)  Increase in the number of cells

d)  Enlargement of individual cells

A

Enlargement of individual cells

45
Q

An increase in severity of pre-existing disease is called:

a) Inflammation
b) Exacerbation
c) Dysplasia
d) Atrophy

A

Exacerbation

46
Q

Describe the process of cellular communication (4 marks)

A

Signalling cell releases ligand (messenger)

The ligand binds to a specific receptor

Receptor cell receives a message

Signal transduction (signal conveyed into and through the cell)

Response: signal causes an effect

47
Q

EQ. Complete the table below to describe the key features of endocrine signalling (3 Marks)
Distribution:
Type of chemical messenger:
Method of transportation:

A

Distribution: bloodstream

Type of chemical messenger: hormone

Method of transportation: slow acting and diffuse around body using circulation

48
Q

Describe what happens when a cell dies by the process of Necrosis?
(4 Marks)

A

Unplanned

Increase in cell volume

Loss of plasma membrane integrity

Leakage of cellular contents

Inflammation

49
Q

Discuss the key features of Nerve Signalling

A

(3 Marks)

Used exclusively by neurones

Uses neurotransmitters

To send chemicals through a synapse

To another neurone or receptor cell

To regulate muscles or glands

Fast, long-distance

50
Q

In cellular communication:

List the three types of cellular signalling and name the type of chemical messenger used in each type:

A

endocrine: hormones

Nerve: neurotransmitter

Local: signalling cell

51
Q

Type of cellular signalling Chemical messenger

b) Give one example of cell signalling failure that leads to a disease process for each type named above Endocrine , Nerve and Local
(3 Marks)

A

Endocrine – diabetes

Nerve- Parkinsons

Local- cancer

52
Q

Describe what happens when the cell dies due to injury. Name the process. (5 Marks)

A

Necrosis (unplanned cell death)

Increase in cell volume

Loss of plasma membrane integrity

Leakage of cellular contents

Inflammation

501😩 is hard (19 decks)

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