1. Fundamentals of Pathophysiology Flashcards
Define Pathophysiology
Physiological (Changes occur in normal tissues/ organs)
Pathological (Change due to disease)
The disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury.
Define Acute
Sudden onset
Define Chronic
Long-standing or recurring
Define Acute on Chronic
Flare-up of illness in a long-term condition
Define Sub-Acute
A disease that progresses more rapidly than a chronic condition, but does not become acute
Define Aetiology
Cause of disease
Define Congenital
Inherited. present from birth
Define Neoplastic
Abnormal mass of tissue
Define Idiopathic
Describes a condition of unknown cause
Define Pathogenesis
Infection leads to disease
Define Exacerbation
problem/ illness gets worse
Define Convalescence
Time spent recovering from an illness
Define Mortality
Death
Define Morbidity
Illness of Injury
Define Epidemiology
study of disease distribution
Define Epidemic
A disease thats affects occurin a Community
Define Pandemic
A disease thats affects occurWorldwide
Define Endemic
A disease that belongs to particular people or communities.
Generally consistent spread in certain popu or region could be low-lying, or not currently in huge numbers
What is cell Atrophy?
Decrease in cell size
What is cell hypertrophy?
Increase in cell size
What is cell Hyperplasia?
Increase in cell number
What is cell Metaplasia?
Cell replaced with a less specific cell type
What is cell Dysplasia?
Abnormal changes and variation in cell shape and size
Explain Apoptosis
- Programmed cell death
- The cell dies at the end of its life, controlling the population of cells
- Cell shrinkage
- Plasma membrane blebbing
- Formation of apoptotic bodies
- phagocytosis
Explain Cell Necrosis
- Unplanned/ accidental cell death due to injury or damage to the cell
1. Increase in cell volume
2. Loss of plasma membrane integrity
3. Leakage of cellular contents
4. Inflammation
Define Integration
Cells communicate to coordinate activity around the body and keep us disease free
What are the 3 Types of Cellular Communication ?
Nerve
Endocrine
Local signalling
What occurs in nerve signalling (6 marks) ? Give an disease example
Disease affecting nerve cell signalling: Parkinson’s disease
Used exclusively by neurones
Uses neurotransmitters (1 mark) to send chemicals through a gap – synapse (1 mark) to another neurone or to a receptor cell eg. muscles (or glands)(1 mark)
Fast, long-distance action (1 mark)
Specific routes of movement
What occurs in endocrine signalling? What is a related disease?
Hormone released by a secreting gland into the bloodstream
hormone received by the receptor cell
to stimulate action
Slow communication method as diffuses around entire body
Diabetes
insulin from pancreas
Local cell signalling
used in:
Example:
What occurs/process:
Used in: Inflammatory response and cancer
Example: Sprained ankle
Signalling cell releases a local mediator to a cell close by to cause a local effect.
Describe general cell communication
General communication + cell signalling
- Signalling cell releases ligand (messenger)
- The ligand binds to a specific receptor
- Receptor cell receives the message
- Signal transduction: signal conveyed into and through cell
- Response: signal causes an effect
Describe Endocrine communication
- hormone (eg insulin)
- is released by the secreting gland (eg. pancreas)
- into the bloodstream
- hormone received by a receptor cell to stimulate action
- it is a slow communication method because the hormones diffuse around the entire body within its circulation (blood)
Define Iatrogenic
Iatrogenic (of a disease or symptoms) induced in a patient by the treatment or comments of a physician ie paralysis and loss of sensation in a baby’s arm from forceps delivery
EQ Which of the following is not a type of cellular communication?
Local
Systemic
Endocrine
Nerve
Systemic
In cell changes, which term describes ‘an increase in cell size and volume’? (1 Mark)
Hypertrophy
Dysplasia
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Hypertrophy
“The body functioning as a whole with all individual components working together” is:
Physiology
Pathophysiology
Integration
Epidemiology
Integration
- Which disease is idiopathic?
a) Spreads rapidly in a population in a short time
b) Is a new disease that rapidly spreads worldwide
c) Has no known cause
d) Was caused by medical intervention
c) Has no known cause
In cellular communication, what the generic term given to a ‘chemical messengers’ which transmit between the signalling cell, and the receptor cell? (1 Mark)
Lymph
Ligand
Interneurone
Chemotaxes
Ligand
In cell changes, which term describes ‘an increase in the number of cells’?
(1 Mark)
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
“The cause, set of causes or manner of causation of disease” is:
Aetiology
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Aetiology
Which disease is iatrogenic?
Spreads rapidly in a population in a short time
Is a new disease that rapidly spreads worldwide
Has no known cause
Was caused by medical intervention
Was caused by medical intervention
EQ Which type of cellular communication uses neurotransmitters as the signalling molecule?
a) Telekinetic signalling
b) Endocrine signalling
c) Local signalling
d) Nerve signalling
d) Nerve signalling
The death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development is called:
Apoptosis
Necrosis
Ischemia
Metaplasia
Apoptosis
EQ In regard to cellular adaptation, hypertrophy refers to:
a) Decrease in the cell size
b) Transformation to another type of cell
c) Increase in the number of cells
d) Enlargement of individual cells
Enlargement of individual cells
An increase in severity of pre-existing disease is called:
a) Inflammation
b) Exacerbation
c) Dysplasia
d) Atrophy
Exacerbation
Describe the process of cellular communication (4 marks)
Signalling cell releases ligand (messenger)
The ligand binds to a specific receptor
Receptor cell receives a message
Signal transduction (signal conveyed into and through the cell)
Response: signal causes an effect
EQ. Complete the table below to describe the key features of endocrine signalling (3 Marks)
Distribution:
Type of chemical messenger:
Method of transportation:
Distribution: bloodstream
Type of chemical messenger: hormone
Method of transportation: slow acting and diffuse around body using circulation
Describe what happens when a cell dies by the process of Necrosis?
(4 Marks)
Unplanned
Increase in cell volume
Loss of plasma membrane integrity
Leakage of cellular contents
Inflammation
Discuss the key features of Nerve Signalling
(3 Marks)
Used exclusively by neurones
Uses neurotransmitters
To send chemicals through a synapse
To another neurone or receptor cell
To regulate muscles or glands
Fast, long-distance
In cellular communication:
List the three types of cellular signalling and name the type of chemical messenger used in each type:
endocrine: hormones
Nerve: neurotransmitter
Local: signalling cell
Type of cellular signalling Chemical messenger
b) Give one example of cell signalling failure that leads to a disease process for each type named above Endocrine , Nerve and Local
(3 Marks)
Endocrine – diabetes
Nerve- Parkinsons
Local- cancer
Describe what happens when the cell dies due to injury. Name the process. (5 Marks)
Necrosis (unplanned cell death)
Increase in cell volume
Loss of plasma membrane integrity
Leakage of cellular contents
Inflammation
